Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Prenatal

A

before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prenatal stage

A

starts are conception ends at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

zygote

A

newly fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genes

A

biochemical units of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

embryo

A

developing human organism from about 2 weeks to after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
noticeable heartbeat
red blood cells produced by liver
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fetus

A

developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
receives oxygen and nutrients from placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

placenta

A

cushion of cells that also screen out some substances that could harm the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rooting reflex

A

a baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
biologically driven
you cannot walk until your body is in the right proportions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

toddler

A

1-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

developmental psychology

A

a subfield of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cognition

A

all mental processes associated with thinking, knowing , and remembering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

schemas

A

concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experience in terms of existing schemas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

accommodation

A

adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

John Piaget

A

developmental psychology

introduced a stage theory of cognitive development that led to a better understanding of children’s thought processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sensorimotor

A

0-2
experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping)
- object permanence: if you don’t see the object its not there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pre-operational

A 
2-6/7
representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
- pretend play
- egocentrism 
- language development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

concrete operational

A 
6/7-11
thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- conservation 
- mathematical transformations
- logical thinking
- abstract reasoning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

formal operational

A

12- adulthood
abstract reasoning
- abstract logic
- potential for mature moral reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
conservation
properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
26
egocentrism
inability to consider another's point of view
27
development
environment effecting you nothing to do with how biologically driven you are includes experiences
28
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
29
attachment
the emotional tie with another person shown by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation - body contact - familiarity - responsiveness
30
critical period
the optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain experiences produces proper development
31
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life
32
Konrad Lorenz
1903-1989 | researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
33
authoritarian parenting
a style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience
34
permissive parenting
a style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment
35
authoritative parenting
a style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules
36
neural network
neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback (specific skills develop)
37
reflexes
automatic unlearned responses
38
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
39
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
40
primary sex characteristics
the reproductive organs - ovaries, testes, and external genitalia anything that necessary for having a child
41
secondary sex characteristics
nonproductive sexual characteristics, such as breast and hip development in females and voice quality and facial hair in males not necessary for having a child
42
sexual orientation
enduring sexual attraction toward people of the other gender (heterosexuality) or one's own gender (homosexuality)
43
morality
a sense of right and wrong
44
Lawrence Kohlberg
1927-87 | created a three-stage theory or moral development
45
pre conventional moral reasoning
characterized by a desire to avoid punishment or gain reward
46
conventional moral reasoning
fit in and play the role of a good citizen
47
post conventional moral reasoning
characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent the rights or obligations of all people
48
Erik Erikson
1902-94 | created an eight stage theory of social development
49
infancy
age: 0-1 issues: trust vs mistrust task: if needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of basic trust
50
toddler
age: 1-3 issues: autonomy vs shame and doubt task: learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
51
preschooler
age: 3-6 issues: initiative v guilt (external) task: learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent, feeling guilty that they don't need their parents or care givers anymore
52
elementary school
age: 6-puberty issues: industry v inferiority task: learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
53
adolescence
age: teen-20s issues: identity v role confusion task: work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are, see the world differently
54
young adulthood
age: 20s-40s issues: intimacy v isolation task: struggle to form close relationships and to gan the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
55
middle adulthood
age: 40s-60s issues: generativity v stagnation task: discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family an work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
56
late adulthood
age: late 60s-older issues: integrity v despair task: when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
57
identity
one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent;s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
58
synaptic pruning
connections that are used become strengthened, while the unused ones are eliminated
59
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
60
instinct
a complex, inherited behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
61
drive-reduction theory
the idea that psychological need creates a state of tension (a drive) that motives an organism to satisfy the need
62
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance but only to a point
63
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
64
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment
65
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
66
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with psychological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
67
self-actualization
according to Maslow, an ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met, and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to realize our full and unique potential
68
Abraham Maslow
1908-70 humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as one of the ultimate psychological needs
69
Henry Murray
1893-88 Neo-Freudian who first established the concept of achievement motivation and developed important personality testing tools
70
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; and for attaining a high standard
71
experimentation
differentiation between your beliefs and parent's beliefs
72
rebellion
finding what you believe in in order to defend it
73
optimism/ energy
see the world in a different light, becoming a different person, understand connection that people have together, understand life in a deeper meaning
74
self-ishness
seeing things from your perspective, egocentric view of social and emotional situations
75
motivation
why you do what you do, a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal
76
instinct theory
we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
77
instincts
an inherited complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species, natural
78
optimal level of arousal
we are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal, driven to learn new information
79
reflex
an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought, natural
80
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
81
healthy psychology
a subfield of psychology that focuses on how stress affects well-being and health
82
Walter Cannon
1871-1945 American physiologist who, with Philip Bard, concluded that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously
83
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
84
Hans Selye
1907-82 | Canadian physiologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome
85
prefrontal cortex
develops at 25 | problem solving, behavioral inhibition - explains impulsive behavior and poor decision making

Psych (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions