From Boats to Barangays

Question 1

Refers to modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus)

Answer 1

Hominin

Question 2

Along with the Sahul Shelf, they are considered as biogeographical regions that house more than thousands of flora and fauna.

During the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene Epoch, large portion of this is exposed.

Answer 2

Sunda Shelf (Sundaland)

Question 3

This condition in the present-day Southeast Asian Region invited human migration from other regions, populating the area with new inhabitants.

Answer 3

Mild Climate

Question 4

This is a biogeographical boundary that separates the former Sundaland with the Sahul Shelf

Answer 4

Huxley’s Line

Question 5

These two biogeographical concepts provide key insights on the PH serving as a migration crossroad in the millenniums that followed.

Answer 5

The Sundaland and Huxley’s Line

Question 6

Earliest human activity in the PH is dated to about 700,000 years ago.

Identify what was found in an archaeological dig, in which part of Luzon, and the layer of population.

Answer 6

Butchered rhinoceros bone with a stone tool in Northern Luzon (first layer of population)

Question 7

Provide the two evidences of Hominin presence in the PH

Answer 7

Tabon Man in Palawan (fossilized fragment of a female skull and jaw bones)

Callao Man in Cagayan (teeth and metatarsals)

Question 8

This epoch marks the period immediately after the last glacial maximum (~11 KYA) and saw significant alterations in the biological and geographical landscapes.

Answer 8

Holocene Epoch (Anthropocene)

Question 9

The Holocene Epoch witnessed the slow transition from (a)___ to (b)____. This also facilitated adoption of new forms of tool production associated with (c)___ technology (polished stone tools).

Answer 9

a) hunting and gathering lifestyle
b) food production
c) neolithic

Question 10

During the Holocene Epoch, a (a)___layer of population reach the PH by way of (b) ___.

This process was initially explained by the (c)____ and later by the (d)____.

Answer 10

a) second
b) seagoing crafts
c) Waves of Migration Model
d) Austronesian Migration Models

Question 11

Explain the Waves of Migration Model

Answer 11

This model argues that several distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, Indones, Malay) led to cultural and physical differences among Filipinos.

Question 12

Explain the Austronesian Migration Model

Answer 12

This model proposes that all present-day Austronesian speakers came from a single ancestor called the proto-Austronesians.

Question 13

In locating the Austronesian Homeland, two models attempted to locate the homeland of the proto-Austronesians. Provide the two.

Answer 13

1) Out-of-Taiwan Model of Peter Bellwood
2) Willhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Hypothesis

Question 14

Explain the Out-of-Taiwan Model of Peter Bellwood in locating the Austronesian homeland.

Answer 14

This claims that the proto-Austronesians came from Southern China and sailed out due to overpopulation.

Question 15

Explain Willhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Hypothesis in locating Austronesian homeland

Answer 15

This claims that the Austronesian homeland is the islands of Mindanao and Indonesia, and that the group spread due to trading.

Question 16

Provide the focus and evidence of the Out-of-Taiwan model in locating Austronesian homeland.

Answer 16

Focus: Migration of Austronesian-speaking people

Evidence: The distribution of Austronesian languages

Question 17

Provide the focus and evidence of the Island-Origin Model in locating Austronesian homeland.

Answer 17

Focus: Trade and cultural exchange

Evidence: Similarities in a wide range of artifacts found across vast distances, including pottery styles, decorative motifs on tools and weapons, and even ornaments.

Question 18

Austronesian languages, forming a large language family with over 120 member languages, trace their roots back to a common ancestor, (a)_____, spoken thousands of years ago in (b)_____

Answer 18

a) Proto-Austronesian
b) Taiwan

Question 19

Austronesians are renowned for their exceptional (a)____ skills, navigating vast distances and colonizing remote islands across the Pacific Ocean. Their (b)____, with their stability and efficiency, were instrumental in their maritime success.

Answer 19

a) seafaring skills
b) double outrigger canoes

Question 20

Social Structure: Austronesian societies were traditionally organized into (a)_____, with a (b)____ holding some level of authority.

Answer 20

a) Villages
b) chief or headman

Question 21

Ancestor worship,____ (belief in spirits inhabiting natural elements, was prevalent to the Austronesians. hey also showcased rich tapestry, including wood carving, weaving, tattooing, and boat decorations.

Answer 21

Animism

Question 22

The barangay is from the term (a)_____, which was the generic Austronesian word for a (b)_____

Answer 22

a) Balangay
b) sea vessel

Question 23

This was a sociopolitical organization that existed in precolonial Philippines, particularly in Luzon and Visayas.

In Mindanao, this is called kampong

Answer 23

Barangay

Question 24

In barangays, independent entities in terms of territory, resources, and set of laws are called ____

Answer 24

batasan

Question 25

This is the act of barangays engaging in wars (slave raiding)

Answer 25

pangangayaw

Question 26

(a) The population of the barangay was stratified according to one's economic standing. This noble class is the wealthiest and the most powerful. They had the chieftain called (b)_____

Answer 26

a) Maginoo (Luzon) or Kadatoan ( Visayas) b) Datu

Question 27

The maginoos and kadatoans enjoyed honorific titles such as (a)_____ and (b)_____. They had princesses called (c)_____ or secluded maiden.

Answer 27

a) ginoo b) poon c) binukot under the maginoo class

Question 28

The commoners in barangays are called (a)_____. They had considerable wealth and are DEBTLESS. They, however, were not in the lineage of datus. They pay taxes to the datu called (b)_____ and had the liberty to move into a different barangay.

Answer 28

a) Maharlika (Luzon) or timawa (Visayas) b) buwis

Question 29

In the class of commoners in the barangays, these are the group of people included. They always paid taxes to not be demoted to the lower class.

Answer 29

bagani or soldiers; panday or craftsman; babaylan or priestess

Question 30

Among the commoners, they are held commonly by women, They were considered the mediators between the physical world and the spiritual realm.

Answer 30

Babaylan or priestess

Question 31

The babaylans performed (a)_____, a ritual to appease the precolonial deities called (b)_____.

Answer 31

a) pag-aanito b) anito or diwata

Question 32

This is the class of slaves in the barangays.

Answer 32

Alipin (Luzon) or oripun (Visayas)

Question 33

Explain the system of debt in the class of slaves in the barangays.

Answer 33

They had debt they could not fulfill, and thus could be INHERITED; for being a prisoner of war or as a form of criminal punishment. NOT PERMANENT and was guided by CONTRACTS; can best be described as BONDAGE.

Question 34

This is a cultural practice of tattooing in the barangays in the 16ht century

Answer 34

pagbabatuk

Question 35

Besides, tattooing, barangays also had the practice of changing the appearance of their teeth. These include (a)_____ and (b)_____

Answer 35

a) pagpupusad (gold fillings) b) chewing of nganga (betel chews) *They also used the tugbuk (pin) and sakra (lock) among men.

Question 36

Describe the religion in the barangays

Answer 36

The religion in the barangay is described as UNORGANIZED due to the varying practices and beliefs. A common theme is belief in POWERFUL HIGHER BEINGS (POLYTHEISTIC) who resided within communities.

Question 37

Deities of the barangays are connected to nature and anthropomorphic in terms of appearance and behavior. Give examples from Luzon and Visayas (include minor deities) *Deities could be wrathful if not given proper attention and respect--but usually benevolent.

Answer 37

Luzon- Bathala, Aman Sinaya, and Amihan Visayas- Makaptan, Magwayen, and Saragnayan Minor deities- Lakambakod and Dalikmata

Question 38

There is another group of higher beings in barangays that are considered inherently malevolent called _____.

Answer 38

Aswang

Question 39

Explain what aswangs are.

Answer 39

1. They appear as normal people during the day, but transform to their true forms at night. 2. They constantly inflict pain and sickness on people, and fed on human liver, corpses, and dirt. 3. Examples include tiktik, patianac, and tigbalang. 4. Associated with them is a MANGKUKULAM or village witch. Specific kinds include mambabarang and matatanggal.

Question 40

This is called the last 'ice age.' Most of Southeast Asia's landmass was exposed during this time. People forced to migrate brought with the paleolithic tradition.

Answer 40

Late Pleistocene. Their tools included stones for hunting.

Question 41

He discovered the tabon cave in Palawan. He found tabon man remains

Answer 41

Robert Fox

Question 42

Tabon man is considered the oldest (a)_____ in Southeast Asia. Callao man or (b)_____ is considered the earliest evidence of hominin that predates tabon.

Answer 42

a) Homo sapiens b) Homo Luzonesis

Question 43

Sundaland, now submerged under waterm extends up to _____

Answer 43

Palawan

Question 44

He created the Waves of Migration Model

Answer 44

Henry Otley Beyer

Question 45

Enumerate the waves of migration in the Waves of Migration Model

Answer 45

1. 250,000 years ago - “Dawn Man”, a cave-man type human who was related to Java Man, Peking Man and other Asian Homo erectus specimens, was present in the Philippines.
 2. 30,000 years ago - The Negritos, an aboriginal group of hunters and gatherers, arrived in the archipelago via land bridges.
 3. 6,000 years ago - A group from Indonesia capable of travelling across the sea and wielding tools became the first immigrants to reach the Philippines using the ocean.
 4. 3,000 years ago - The Civilised and seafaring Malays with more developed boat building skills--may outrigger at sail na sila--- brought Iron Age culture to the Philippines and became the dominant group ahead of the arrival of the Spanish in the pre-colonial period. 


Question 46

What is the problem with the Waves of Migration Model?

Answer 46

Dr. Beyer cannot divide the population by distinct physical appearance---you cannot identify if one is Malay and therefore part of the latter waves of migration. Dr. Beyer also emphasizes the INWARD PUSH in his model. However, this does not consider the interactions between these waves.

Question 47

He proposed the Austronesian Migration Model or the Out-of-Taiwan

Answer 47

Peter Bellwood

Question 48

Explain the Out-of-Taiwan Model

Answer 48

The model suggests that in around 3,000 BCE, Austronesian-speaking people began to experience significant population growth, which continued for more than 1,000 years. This is thought to have led to increase migration, with some of the first settlers believed to have landed in and around Luzon in the Philippines. Austronesian people began to mingle and intertwine with Australo-Melanesian people, who are thought to have inhabited the islands around 23,000 years earlier. Over the next 1,000 years, they slowly spread to the rest of the Philippines and continued to migrate further, to areas including Borneo, Polynesia, Madagascar, New Zealand and Easter Island. Mas nadisperse yung language. Based sa notes ko, from China then Taiwan then nagdiverge.

Question 49

As Solheim's Island Origin Hypothesis contradicts Bellwood's theory, he also developed a hypothesis that a trade and communication network first appeared in the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age, or beginning roughly around 5000 BC. Identify.

Answer 49

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) *He believed that Nusantao were people who adopted the language and spread it for communication and trading. 'Most of the Nusantao probably spoke a related or pre-Austronesian language, but there were likely some who spoke a non-Austronesian language as well... I did not consider non-maritime Austronesian-speakers as Nusantao.' - Solheim mas katanggap-tanggap paren daw yung kay Bellwood

Question 50

*In barangays, these coexist independent of each other politically but dependent economically.

Answer 50

Ilawud and Ilaya

Question 51

In pangangayaw, barangays do blood alliances called ___

Answer 51

Sandugo

Question 52

In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people had leaders who have martial prowess and could protect their territory. They, however, had no economic advantage due to not having any access to anchorages (daungan)

Answer 52

Datuships

Question 53

In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people led regionships in coastal regions and had access to anchorages. They had the economic advantage over datus as they could bring more food inside the barangays. They have the responsibility to divide resources over datus that are under them\ allies with them.

Answer 53

Rajahnates

Question 54

In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people were considered most powerful among datus and rajas. They were highly bureaucratic that were greatly influenced by Islam, calling the community of believers as 'UMA.'

Answer 54

Sultanates

Question 55

When sultanates participated in pangangayaw, they had appointed admirals called (a)_____. Their adviser is called (b)_____.

Answer 55

a) Raja Laot b) Ruma Bichara

Question 56

The Sultans, derived on lineage (Tarsila), claimed to be connected to Prophet (a)_____. They called the heir of sultan (b)_____.

Answer 56

a) Muhammad b) Raja Muda

Question 57

This is the pledge of a person's services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation.

Answer 57

Debt bondage

Question 58

This type of alipin could own a house and live away from the master's house (our modern version is the “stay out” helper)

Answer 58

Aliping namamahay

Question 59

This type of alipin had absolutely nothing and stayed in the master's household (our modern version is the “stay in” helper or kasambahay, or domestic helper. *Debt is inherited

Answer 59

Aliping sagigilid

Question 60

Explain the difference between power and authority during the precolonial period.

Answer 60

Power- Can be attained through wealth-building and pangangayaw. If people with authority were not worthy to have it, people can move to other brangay. In short, power is when people follow you. Authority- The right to lead, based on lineage

Question 61

During the precolonial times, what does more tattoo on a person mean?

Answer 61

Higher social position *Batikan or very skilled warriors have a lot of tattoos