The PH at the Turn of the 19th Century and the Birth of the Nation Flashcards
Assigned Topic 2 (59 cards)
Following the economic reforms of ___, the colonial government slowly opened up the PH to global trade at the turn of the 19th entury.
Jose Basco
The integration of the Philippines to international trade after centuries of isolation led to several unprecedented changes. Enumerate.
1) Opening of the port of Manila to foreign merchant ships, followed by the opening of the provincial ports
2) Commercialization of agriculture, particularly of cash crops like sugar and cotton
3) Influx of foreigners and establishment of consulates such as those of the US, France, and Japan.
4) The entrance of foreign companies
During the turn of the 19th century, (a)_____ was abolished. The (b)_____was shortened to only 15 days per year.
a) Encomienda system
b) Polo y servicios
The Spanish introduced _____ which assigned one kind of crop to be grown in one area. Certain products were also placed under monopoly under the direct control of the government which included tobacco, coffee, and opium.
monocropping
The importance of (a)___was highlighted in the acquisition of haciendas by wealthy residents, particularly the peninsulares and insulares.
These haciendas were managed through the (b)____ system
a) land
b) inquilino
The 19th century period witnessed the mixing of ethnicities or miscegenation, producing ____
mestizos
The mestizos and principalia later formed a distinct social class known as ____
clase media
This social class had wealth and lifestyle similar to Spanish, but they are placed below the latter. This earned them the pejorative description bestias cargadas de oro (beasts laden with gold).
They also took advantage of the educational reforms initiated by the Queen Isabella II across Spanish Empire
clase media
The _____, a gravity-fed system drawing water from the Marikina River, provided a reliable and hygienic water source to Manila from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century.
Some of the other developments included transportation and communication infrastructures (including telephone and telegram)
Carriedo Waterworks
The opening of ____in 1869 impacted the Philippines. it reduced travel time and cost of trade and exposed the country to European ideas like liberalism and nationalism.
Suez Canal
This was a pivotal event in Spanish history that took place in September 1868. This resulted in the overthrow of Queen Isabella II and the establishment of a provisional government.
Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa)
The appointment of _______ (1869-1871) brought hope to the university educated reformists regarding the possibility of liberal reforms in the colony.
Carlos Maria De la Torre
__________: Ideas of liberalism and individual rights enshrined in the constitution helped to inspire future Filipino revolutionaries who sought greater autonomy and eventually independence.
Legacy of Cadiz Constitution of 1812
The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768 along with the declining number of friars in the Philippines resulted to the ______.
While there was an increasing demand for secular priests, many lacked proper training and are generally unfit to manage the parishes. Between the 1820s to the 1840s, many of the parishes under secular control were decreed to be transferred back to the regular clergy. (Ayaw ng mga peninsulares and colonial admin sa Filipino secular clergy)
transfer of the parishes to secular control
The secularization movement was headed by (a)_____, a Spanish mestizo priest who served in the capital’s cathedral. In 1863, he died in an (b)____ which destroyed many buildings in Manila.
The leadership of the movement was taken by ______, who were all mestizos.
a) Fr. Pedro Pelaez
b) Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora
Motivated by liberal success in Spain, the ____,along with educated indios began organizing themselves into groups. Many hoped that reforms would now be possible in the colony as it was in Spain.
creoles (insulares)
Men of creole, mestizo, and Indio backgrounds organized themselves in the (a)______.Most of them were businessmen and lawyers, some were military officials.
The Comite had a youth arm, the (b)______, which was largely active in Letran and Santo Tomas.
a) Comite de Reformadores
b) Juventud Escolar Liberal
This revolt on Jan 20 1872 was triggered by Governor-General Rafael Izquiredo’s revocation of privileges given to native soldiers in the colonial army.
The colonial government then identified the GOMBURZA as the primary instigators of the revolt.
The GOMBURZA were officially charged with treason and sedition, punishable by death.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
This (a) class was able to send their sons to European universities, later known as (b) ____.
The members of the propaganda movement thought that it was safer and more effective to ask for reforms straight from the government in Madrid.
a) clase media
b) Ilustrados
In 1880s, the ilustrados began to make coordinated efforts to introduce reforms in the Philippines. The collection of these efforts is called _____.
Propaganda movement
Explain the reforms of the Propaganda movement.
1) To evaluate the status of the PH from being a colony to an official Spanish province. These ilustrados were also seen as assimilationists
2) To intensify the secularization of Philippine churches, which would minimize the power of the power of the regulars
3) To introduce more educational reforms, to make education more accessible to the native population and to remove schools from friar control
4) To improve the economic conditions of the PH
This provided a valuable platform and space for the propaganda movement’s leaders to connect share ideas and potentially strategize their activities.
The first step that the ilustrado took in their campaign for reforms in the colony was to establish ties with liberal-minded Spaniards.
Freemasonry
The ____was formed by the ilustradoes and some sympathetic Spanish citizen. Their goal was to convince Spanish politicians and lawmakers to support the provincehood of the PH.
Asosacion Hispano-Filipino
The ______focused on writing, particularly through an official bimonthly newspaper of the same name. The organization was established in January 1889.
La Solidaridad
