From Lecture

Question 1

Nutrition is?

Answer 1

the process of breaking down food and substances taken in by mouth to use for energy in body

Question 2

Clinical nutritionists are?

Answer 2

health professionals who focus on the role of nutrition in chronic disease (prevention/remediation) (nutrition deficiencies before drugs and drugs before surgery)

Question 3

Malnutrition can come from?

Answer 3

poor nutrition choices (deficiencies), food additions, overfeeding and excesses. Also, cachexia (body wasting away)

Question 4

Catabolism?

Answer 4

process of body destroying itself

Question 5

What is energy density in foods?

Answer 5

refers to the kcal per unit of a food ingredient or pet food (expressed as kcal/kg meaning for every 1 kg of pet food, a specific number of calories can be used by the animal (ME))

Question 6

What is the usual measure of energy?

Answer 6

kilocalorie

Question 7

One calorie is defined as?

Answer 7

the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 degree celcius to 15.5 degrees celcius

Question 8

1 kcal =?

Answer 8

1000 calories

Question 9

order of nutrient importance?

Answer 9

water, carbs, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins

Question 10

What are the 3 nutrient categories that provide energy?

Answer 10

protein, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 11

Proteins contain what?

Answer 11

complex polymers of 22 amino acid units

Question 12

Carbohydrates are?

Answer 12

complex polymers of several different sugar units

Question 13

Lipids are?

Answer 13

complex polymers of fatty acid units

Question 14

biological value?

Answer 14

theoretical perfect protein source (100 therapeutic number ) higher BV numbers have fewer “holes and gaps” in their essential amino acid profiles (eggs have BV = 94)

Question 15

Low digestibility means?

Answer 15

a larger proportion of dietary protein is excreted

Question 16

Metabolized energy?

Answer 16

the most common estimate of how much energy (kcal) is supplied by pet food

Question 17

Atwater factors?

Answer 17

modified factors used to estimate the energy density (caloric content) of pet food and to determine how much energy is provided by protein, fat, and carbohydrate by percentage

Question 18

On average, dry dog foods contain ____ kcal/kg and dry cat foods contain ___?

Answer 18

3500

4000

Question 19

A higher energy density pet food can be fed at what stages in a pet’s life?

Answer 19

growth, reproduction or performance

Question 20

Lower density pet foods should be fed to?

Answer 20

overweight or obese animals

Question 21

What is the goal of protein digestion?

Answer 21

present small peptides and free amino acids to the brush border of the SI mucosa for absorption

Question 22

What is protein quantity?

Answer 22

measured content of total nitrogen via chemical analysis

Question 23

What is protein quality?

Answer 23

depends on distribution profile of essential vs. nonessential amino acids

Question 24

synergism?

Answer 24

when one ingredient offsets the limiting AA of another ingredient

Question 25

Net NB is? | normal state of healthy animal?

Answer 25

the differences between amount consumed and the amount lost | 0

Question 26

positve NB =

Answer 26

growth, rebuilding or replenishing

Question 27

Negative NB =

Answer 27

no protein intake or loss of tissue ? | the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body is greater than the amount of nitrogen ingested

Question 28

What is clinical relevance?

Answer 28

Cachexia is tissue wasting and is associated with an extreme negative nitrogen balance

Question 29

What are the key characteristics of lipids?

Answer 29

numbers of fatty acids/lipid molecule, degree of hydrogen saturation, length of fatty acid chains

Question 30

Saturated means?

Answer 30

no bond

Question 31

monounsaturated means?

Answer 31

1 bond

Question 32

polyunsaturated?

Answer 32

greater than 1 bond

Question 33

What are 3 dietary monosaccharides (simple sugars?

Answer 33

glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 34

___ acid is an essential amino acid for cats and is added to most cat foods. It is considered ____ or ___ essential for dogs.

Answer 34

Taurine | nonessential or conditionally

Question 35

Starch = ?

Answer 35

sugars combined into short, digestible polymers

Question 36

glycemic index?

Answer 36

The glycemic index (GI) is a ranking of carbohydrates on a scale from 0 to 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood sugar levels after eating.

Question 37

Foods with a high GI are those which are?

Answer 37

rapidly digested and absorbed and result in marked fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

Question 38

Low-GI foods, by virtue of their slow digestion and absorption, produce?

Answer 38

gradual rises in blood sugar and insulin levels, and have proven benefits for health.

Question 39

CHO stands for?

Answer 39

chemical formula for carbohydrates, hydrogen, oxygen = simple sugars

Question 40

Fibers are?

Answer 40

complex CHOs that cannot be digested by mammalian enzymes but are a part of pet nutrition (soluble and insoluble)

Question 41

percentages of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and other nutrients may be express on an?

Answer 41

as-fed, dry matter, or metabolizable energy basis (not interchangeable)