From Review Session 3 Flashcards

Question

If G&S are not sexually dimorphic in body size, how are they sexually dimorphic

Answer 1

Dichromatism (they are two different colors)

Answer 2

Prognathic

Answer 3

1. Not large sexually dimorphic canines 2. Both sexes have large, sharp canines because they both have dominance hierarchies

Answer 4

Distribution of siamangs and gibbons in SE Asia, NOT AFRICA

Answer 5

1. Genus: Hylobates = “tree walker” (walk bipedally in tops of trees) 2. 5-7 kg 3. Highly frugivorous (higher home range because food less abundant and have to move more)

Answer 6

1. Highly folivorous 2. Genus: Symphalangus 3. 11-15 kg 4. Specializes gut for folivory 5. Larger throat sacs (function still debated, do duets)

Answer 7

1. Social life: Social monogamy (“pair living”) common in gibbons (explain lack of sexual dimorphism in size and canines) 2. Dispersal: Both disperse from natal group upon maturity; Occasionally one pair member goes away from group 3. Despite prevailing social monogamy: Gibbon mating can be polygynous, polyandrous, etc; Extra pair copulation occurs and females mate with multiple males

Answer 8

1. Relationships between gibbon groups are hostile 2. Evidence from playback experiments 3. Females react more strongly to females 4. Males react most strongly to males 5. Females are most concerned with outside females and appear to be defending FOOD SOURCES 6. Males focus mostly on outside males and may primarily be GUARDING MATES 7. Thus, hylobatids show “female resource defense” and “male mate defense” rather than “pairbonding” 8. If gibbons were programmed to be monogamous, you wouldn’t see such great effort by both sexes to maintain monogamy…

Answer 9

1. Either sex may initiate copulation 2. Females first menstruate ~ 8 years 3. Single birth 4. Gestation = 7 months 5. Interbirth interval = 2-4 years 6. Infants weaned in 2nd year 7. Males provide some parental care 8. Females produce ~10 offspring during lifetime 9. Lifespan: 30-35 (wild), 40-50 (captivity)

Answer 10

Both go to border of territory and sing 1. Stability Theory: Unified couple, strong, content, happy, and defend territory aggressively 2. Flexibility Theory: Things aren’t going great (in relationship), invitation to others for better mate

Answer 11

Orangutans, Gorilla, Chimps, Bonobo

Answer 12

1. Large 2. Sexually dimorphic in body size (to some degree) and canines 3. U shaped dental archade 4. Prognathic jaw 5. Large zygomatics (bar bone on size reflect muscles that attach to them to chew; do a lot more chewing and forceful chewing than lesser apes) 6. Come to ground more often (Knuckle walking (Africa), fist walking (orangutan)

Answer 13

Flexing fingers to get them out of the way, long fingers for suspension so if didn’t flex them they would have to life arms higher off ground and would be more energetically expensive

Answer 14

1. Founded the Trimates/Leakey’s Angels 2. Birute Galdikas (Orangs 3rd) 3. Jane Goodall (Chimps 1st) 4. Dian Fossey (Mountain Gorilla 2nd)

Answer 15

Pongo spp.

Answer 16

1. Longest inter-birth interval 2. Largest predominately arboreal mammal 3. Most solitary diurnal mammal 4. Most sexually dimorphic great ape 5. Huge home ranges 6. Bimaturism (Males have two mature forms; both sexually mature) 7. Some males engage in forced copulation

Answer 17

1. Ape so has to be capable arborealist with forelimb locomotion 2. Fist walker when on ground

Answer 18

1. Incisors: very wide so indicates fruit 2. Molars: flat, because don’t need high cusps 3. Huge central incisors 4. Very thick enamel (for unripe fruit) 5. Bundodont molars

Answer 19

1. Prognathic upturned face 2. Closely spaced orbits 3. Little brow ridge (unlike African apes)

Answer 20

Two sexually mature adult male type 1. One has number of features associated with being dominant 2. Flanged males, aggressive 3. Secondary sexual characteristics: Flanged, big size, pharmones (scent glands on chest), long hair, big throat sacs (laryngeal sauce, booming loud sounds to make presence known), redder hair

Answer 21

1. Females: 80-100 lbs 2. Males: 200 lbs

Answer 22

1. Males and females don’t live together 2. Not enough fruit for both 3. Noyau

Answer 23

1. What is the relationship between females? Overlapping home ranges, not spending time together usually 2. What is the relationship between males? Hostile, trying to keep out other males, have to be on the move, larger home ranges 3. What is the relationship between males and females? Makes females vulnerable, not living in groups, Unflanged males sneak in (no loud calls) to not get attention of dominant male so sneak and do forced copulation

Answer 24

1. Become flanged and dominant 2. Do no develop secondary characteristics and sneak

Answer 25

Suites of behavior which characterize different groups of orangs and can’t be explained by genetics or ecology

Answer 26

1. Deforestation (palm oil?) 2. Rescue groups catching and saving the orangs, moving them out of area

Answer 27

1. Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla (Western Lowland gorilla) 2. G. Gorilla graueri (Eastern Lowland gorilla) 3. G. Gorilla beringie (Mountain Gorilla)

Answer 28

1. Bigger brow ridge 2. Thin enamel 3. Frontal sinus cavities 4. True knuckle walkers

Answer 29

1. High intermembral index 2. Long forelimbs

Answer 30

1. Mountain Gorilla: Eat more vegetation (far more abundant so whole group eating together, more gregarious social groups more cohesive) 2. Lowland Gorillas: Eat more fruit (more widely distributed so can’t be together as much so less gregarious and less cohesive)

Answer 31

1. Polygynous system (most of the time) 2. One male who has reproductive access to females in group (silverback, mostly all infants his)

Answer 32

1. High infanticide 2. Need to be able to physically fight them (why big sexually dimorphism in body size)

Answer 33

1. Small penis and testes 2. No sperm competition

Answer 34

1. Female uses stick to test depth of water and use as crutch to help stabilize self 2. Not as much as chimps (possible just use strength to do things more; rip things apart)

Answer 35

1. Killed her gorilla so dump it on park managers desk 2. Was murdered

Answer 36

1. Live in small part in mountains 2. Threats: disease, Ebola wiped out a bunch ~6000

Answer 37

1. Us 6 MYA 2. Each other (chimp and bonobo) 1-2 MYA

Answer 38

1. Pan troglodytes (3 subspecies) 2. Jane Goodall 3. Good brachiating anatomy 4. Vertical climbing 5. Arboreal bipedality

Answer 39

1. Eclectic omnivores (eat about everything) 2. In general preferred food ripe fruit

Answer 40

1. Related males 2. Females leave birth group to find new community (they dont live in groups because fission fusion communities, they are rarely together)

Answer 41

1. Lead to death of males and females and offspring in neighboring communities with goal of wearing down members of neighboring communities to get their resources

Answer 42

1. Intense sperm competition reflected in genitalia (very large testes)

Answer 43

1. Young female with large sexual swellings (Test borders and go to other communities to copulate and eventually sometimes fully go to neighboring communities)

Answer 44

1. Members of communities will only attack when think have numerical advantage 2. Happen when see older female going over, resources, etc

Answer 45

Termite fishing, hammer like stone to crack open nuts

Answer 46

1. Hunting in Tai forest vs open woodland 2. Tai chimps have evolved cooperated system and can’t see if other individuals are doing job so successfully hunt 3. Dim Forest, Bright Chimps: Hominization in the Rainforest (All out of forest characteristics were done better by these chimps in the forest)

Answer 47

1. NIH froze all uses of chimps in labs but now have all these old chimps and need to get them to new homes (Jane Goodall helping with this)

Answer 48

Pan Paniscus

Answer 49

1. Panzee and Prince Chim (bonobo) 2. One chimp and one bonobo (at time unknown) and noticed differences

Answer 50

1. Portion of population of chimps isolated below Congo river and interbreed with self and only where bonobos found. 2. Bolobo river below found where bonobos found (could be typo to get name bonobo)

Answer 51

1. Geographic location C: Across Equatorial Africa B: DRC (Congo Basin) 2. Conservation status C: Endangered (P.t.versus CE) B: Endangered 3. Feeding ecology C: Frugivorous; highly diverse diet including meat; tools B: Fruit and THV; high diversity; meat 4. Intercommunity interactions C: Territorial; boundary patrols; lethal aggression B: Territorial but no lethal aggression; Extragroup mating and food sharing (meat) 5. Social structure C: Fission fusion communities; mixed parties common B: Fission Fusion communities; mixed parties common (more cohesive than chimps) 6. Dominance C: Male dominance B: Female dominance or female-male co-dominance (Females and sons of High Ranking Females) 7. Female-Female Sociality C: Female dominance hierarchies; weak social bonds B: Females are highly gregarious; G-G ribbing; Female coalitions protect against male aggression 8. Male-Male Sociality C: Dominance hierarchies; strongly bonded and cooperate B: Dominance hierarchies but rank less defined; weaker social bonds 9. Reproductive Strategy C: Promiscuous mating, sperm competition, male rank affects reproductive success B: Promiscuous mating, sperm competition, male rank affects reproductive success 10. Dispersal C: Males remain in natal groups and females disperse B: Males remain in natal groups and females disperse

Answer 52

1. Most suspensory African ape 2. Excellent climbers 3. A locomotor paedomorph: Paedomorphic means adult retaining juvenile features (anatomical or behaviors) 4. Locomotor paedomorph means do a lot of arm swinging as adults whereas chimps slow down and don’t do that as much in old age

Answer 53

1. Fruit 2. THV (Terrestrial herbaceous vegetation; lots of pith and everywhere so dont have to break upo or fission as often) 3. High levels of insects 4. Honey 5. Meat 6. Etc. (Omnivors)

Answer 54

1. Fission fusion communities with female dispersal 2. The critical relationship: Mother and infant (sons particularly)

Answer 55

1. Mating is promiscuous 2. Greater lifetime reproductive success (sexually receptive for longer periods and shorter inter-birth intervals

Answer 56

Females generally dominate males

Answer 57

1. Less aggressive than chimps 2. Importance of sex as a non-reproductive tool (disuse tension; Genito-genital rubbing aka GG rubbing)

Answer 58

1. Alpha female 2. Power alpha female and their sons

Answer 59

1. Larger feeding patches 2. Less seasonality

Answer 60

1. Poaching

Answer 61

1. Symbolic communication 2. ◦ Male bonobo ◦ Arrived at Georgia Tech university with mother at 6 months old in mid 80s ◦ Ape language experiments loosing steam because throat structure different than humans ◦ Notion of teaching ape sign language also going down ◦ Used pictures (lexograms) to teach symbolic language that correlate to something else to communicate with Kanzi and his mother ‣ Mother it didn’t work • Taught her 20 symbols ‣ Kanzi it did work • First day he used 212 symbols • While working with his mom, he was in background playing but absorbing information they were teaching his mom • Now can use 3000 symbols • His original teacher, Sue, now no longer allowed to work with his • Still being studied ◦ This way of language more accurate because he is picking out what he is saying on the board instead of copying his caretakers like in the Koko example controversy • No better than 2-3 year old human child ◦ Good on bonobo terms but not our terms • What circumstances do apes living in Africa need to be able to speak • Seems like when ape is young, easier to learn the languages than older ape

From Review Session 3 Flashcards

(88 cards)