frontal and parietal lobe

Question 1

What is the boundary between parietal lobe and frontal lobe?

Answer 1

-Central sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)

Question 2

What is the boundary between parietal lobe and occipital lobe?

Answer 2

-Parieto-occipital fissure

Question 3

What is the boundary between parietal lobe and temporal lobe?

Answer 3

-Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure)

Question 4

What does macro-anatomical mean?

Answer 4

-Based on sulci and gyro

Question 5

What is a longitudinal fissure?

Answer 5

-Separates right and left hemisphere

Question 6

What is a fissure?

Answer 6

-Deep sulci and gyri

Question 7

What is posterior to the central sulcus?

Answer 7

-Post central sulcus
-Post central gyrus

Question 8

PARIETAL

Answer 8

PARIETAL

Question 9

What are the 3 parts of the posterior parietal lobe?

Answer 9

-Superior parietal lobule
-Intraparietal sulcus
-Inferior parental lobule

Question 10

Describe what the somatosensory cortex (S1) is for?

Answer 10

-Helps to process information around body sensations e.g. touch, pain and proprioception

Question 11

What 4 divisions can the somatosensory cortex be divided into?

Answer 11

-Areas 1,2,3a and 3b

Question 12

Where does the input come from?

Answer 12

-Thalamus and motor cortex

Question 13

Where does the output come from?

Answer 13

-Motor cortex and posterior parietal cortex

Question 14

What did Penfield and Bolder (1937) find in regards to the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 14

-Inserted electrodes in somatosensory cortex of epileptic patients
-Patients under local anaesthesia just before surgery
-Stimulated different regions of this
-Recorded sensations
-Led to creation of simplified somatotopic map

Question 15

Define what is meant by somatosensory homunculus

Answer 15

-Some body parts have a larger area dedicated than others

Question 16

Why should we be interested in the somatosensory cortex?

Answer 16

-We can learn about brain reorganisation
-Help patients with deficits
-Assist patients through learning e.g. learning to play an instrument

Question 17

Describe the study conducted by Kolasinki et al., 2016

Answer 17

-Mapped 4 finger digits
-Glued little finger and ring finger together
-See how quickly the body would accept this as 4 fingers rather than 5 fingers

Question 18

What were the results of this study?

Answer 18

-Found that after 24 hours, the 2 fingers that were glued together would begin acting as one

Question 19

What is the function of the intraparietal sulcus and superior parietal lobule?

Answer 19

-Vision for action
-Looks at object relevance
-Reaching/grasping objects

Question 20

What are the more anterior areas responsible for?

Answer 20

-Coding in hand-centred coordinate system

Question 21

What are the more posterior areas responsible for?

Answer 21

-Coding in vision-centred coordinate system

Question 22

What lesions can occur in the intraparietal sulcus and superior parietal lobule?

Answer 22

-Baliant syndrome (Jackson et al., 2009)

Question 23

What can Baliant syndrome be split into?

Answer 23

-Optic ataxia
-Oculomotor apraxia
-Simultanagnosia

Question 24

Define what optic ataxia is

Answer 24

-Anderson et al., (2014)
-Deficit in visually guided reaching movements
-E.g. they can see a pen, but when they go to grasp it they completely miss it

Question 25

Define what oculomotor apraxia is

Answer 25

-Inappropriate fixation of gaze and difficulties in voluntarily shift fixation to other objects -E.g. they get stuck on the red dot, and can't change gaze to different purple dots

Question 26

Define what simultanagnosia is

Answer 26

-Impaired ability to perceive multiple items in a visual display -E.g. can see all separate 7s but can't see that it makes up a big 7

Question 27

What is the function of right inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 27

-Detect salient events in environment -Shift attention

Question 28

Describe the study conducted by Singh-Curry and Husain (2009)

Answer 28

-Have to sustain first task -Deal with salient events -Means you have to reconfigure what you were originally going to do. -E.g. basketball analogy of going to shoot hoop (first task) but a defender gets in the way (salient) and so you have to reevaluate

Question 29

What happens if there is lesions in right inferior parietal lobule?

Answer 29

-Hemispatial neglect -Tends to occur -Deficit always tends to occur on the left side -E.g. only draw half of an image

Question 30

What did Seghier (2012) find to do with 'what things affect detecting bottom-up information'

Answer 30

-Semantic processing -Reading and comprehension -Mind wandering -Number processing -Theory of mind

Question 31

What are the two sulci and gyri within the frontal lobe?

Answer 31

-Cingulate sulcus -Cingulate gyrus

Question 31

FRONTAL

Answer 31

FRONTAL

Question 32

What are the 3 main subdivisions within the frontal lobe?

Answer 32

-Primary motor cortex -Premotor cortex -Prefrontal cortex

Question 33

What are they cytoarchitectonics (cell structures) of these?

Answer 33

-M: giant Betz cells in layer V -PM: no granular cells in layer IV -PF: granular cells in layer IV

Question 34

What is the function of the motor cortex?

Answer 34

-Controls skeletal muscles together with basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum -Somatotopically organised

Question 35

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

Answer 35

-Planning movement -Movement selection -Movement sequencing

Question 36

What tests are conducted on patients with frontal lobe lesions?

Answer 36

-Verbal fluency (Milner, 1964) -E.g. write down as many words beginning with F as possible -Can get around 13 lesions max -Wisconsin Card Sorting Test -E.g. ignore shape, just sort by colour etc. -Find that individuals with lesions can't shift attention -Tower of London (Shallice, 1982) -Had to conduct this within 7 moves

Question 37

What were issues with the traditional approach?

Answer 37

-Poor sensitivity -Poor specificity -Tasks weren't pure enough

Question 38

What is the more basic approach?

Answer 38

-Stuss and Alexander (2007) -Devise simple tests -Manipulate difficulty and context

Question 39

What conclusions did Stuss come to?

Answer 39

-Lateral PFC = left (task setting) and right (monitoring)