Fruit & Vegetable Structure

Question 1

What are the 3 structural components of plant structure (micro-level)?

Answer 1

Cell wall
Middle lamella
Plasmaderma

Question 2

What is the cell wall made of and what is the purpose?

Answer 2

made of cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, lignins, etc

purpose: contains cell components; structural support (rigid)

Question 3

Where is the middle lamella located, what is it made of, and what is the purpose?

Answer 3

under cell wall (cell membrane)
rich in pectic substances (pliable)
hold/bind cell together

Question 4

What is the purpose of the plasmaderma?

Answer 4

communicate with adjoining cells

Question 5

Another name for the cell membrane is:

Answer 5

plasmalemma

Question 6

What is the role of the plasmalemma, and what important characteristic allows for this?

Answer 6

membrane around cell, control water, diffusion, osmosis -> maintain TURGIDITY

selective permeability

Question 7

the vacuole serves as a ______.
It contains: _______________.
The membrane surrounding it is called the _____.

Answer 7

fluid storage
amino acids, various solutes
tonoplast

Question 8

Components responsible for turgidity:

Answer 8

vacuoles

plasmalemma

Question 9

All major metabolic activities in the plant cell occur in the _____

Answer 9

cytoplasm (in specialized organelles)

Question 10

What are some specialized organelles in the cytoplasm of plants?

Answer 10

nucleus (control)
endoplasmic reticulum (transport, protein/fat synth)
golgi complex (modification/transport, building cell wall)

Question 11

What is the ribosome?

Answer 11

organelle containing RNA, protein synthesis

Question 12

What produces energy in the cell?

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

The 3 plasmid types and their contributions:

Answer 13

chloroplast (photosynthesis)
amyloplast (starch)
chromoplast (color)

Question 14

The 3 structural components of plant tissue (macro-level)?

Answer 14

dermal system
ground system
vascular system

Question 15

The dermal system acts as ____ tissue, and facilitates ___ _____. It is located: _____

Answer 15

protective; gas exchange

on outer surface

Question 16

What protection does the dermal system offer?

Answer 16

moisture loss
pathogen/chemicals
mechanical injury
temperature stress
volatiles loss
texture loss

Question 17

Describe epidermal cells:

Answer 17

outermost layer
various sizes/shapes
compacted together
contains lipid-like materials

Question 18

What is the cuticle?

Answer 18

extracellular layer made from cutin/wax

water impermeable layer

Question 19

What is cutin made from?

Answer 19

polymerized hydroxycarboxylic acids

Question 20

What is wax made from?

Answer 20

aliphatic wax alcohol esters or fatty acids

Question 21

Put in order of increasing wax/cutin content: leafy veg, root veg, fruit

Answer 21

root veg < leafy veg < fruits

Question 22

What is corky tissue made of? Where is it found?

Answer 22

Made of cork cells which contain SUBERIN (lipid-like material)
contains pores (LENTICELS)

in aerial fruits (apples) or underground storage organs of plant

Question 23

What are stomata and what is their purpose?

Answer 23

tiny pores in epidermal layer (surrounded by guard cells)

gas exchange

Question 24

In some plants the outer dermal layer has more structural modification, creating a ____

Answer 24

peel

Question 25

____ and ____ cells act as supporting tissue in the plant.

Answer 25

collenchyma | sclerenchyma

Question 26

How are collenchyma cells organized?

Answer 26

separate longitudinal strands | uneven thickness

Question 27

The cell walls of collenchyma cells are rich in ____ and ____, making it unusually ____.

Answer 27

hemicellulose, pectin | pliable

Question 28

Ground tissue makes up ___% of plant tissue. What are its purposes?

Answer 28

80% major metabolic activity edible portion mechanical support

Question 29

The most common ground tissue is: | What are the cell characteristics?

Answer 29

parenchymal tissue | undifferentiated cells, large vacuole. various shape/size

Question 30

_____ cells have uniformly thickened walls. What are other characteristics?

Answer 30

schlerenchymal usually lignified (woody) lot of cellulose (60-80%) very rigid, low pliability (good for impact resistance)

Question 31

The 2 types of schlerenchymal cells: | Describe them.

Answer 31

Fibres: long/pointed, give fibrous texture (even after cooking), nutritive importance Scleroids: various shapes, hard structures, scattered clusters, gives grainy texture

Question 32

The ____ system specializes in transport of materials such as: _______

Answer 32

vascular | water, minerals, organic products

Question 33

the 2 components of the vascular system and their roles:

Answer 33

xylem: transport water + minerals phloem: transports organic products (from metabolism/photosynthesis)

Question 34

Texture can be described in general terms such as ___ or ____, or in more exact terms such as ____ (6)

Answer 34

handfeel; mouthfeel juiciness, grittiness, crispiness, mealiness, firmness, fibrousness

Question 35

What contributes to texture of fruit/veg?

Answer 35

type of tissue (physical properties) | distribution/organization of tissue