FS_2.01 STATISTICAL INFERENCE Flashcards
(19 cards)
What term refers to the process of drawing conclusions about the population (for which there are no data) from known sample data?
Statistical inference.
TRUE OR FALSE: Statistical inference operates on the assumption that the sample is a good representative of the population it represents.
TRUE.
TRUE OR FALSE: The sample size is almost always a perfect representation of the population.
FALSE.
In the real world, the sample will not always be a perfect representation of the population.
What theory helps support the claim that the sample will not always be a perfect representation of the population?
The true score theory, which states that all empirical observations have random errors.
THINK! Which of the following is NOT a means to achieve “perfect” representation in a sample?
A. It is randomly drawn from the population where it came from.
B. The scope of the sample and the scope of the population are “proportionally” equivalent on all accounts of characterization
C. The sample size is a sufficient subset of the population, driven by the central limit theorem
D. The distribution of the sample is skewed.
D.
The distribution of the sample, instead, is a perfect normal distribution.
TRUE OR FALSE: The degree of similarity (or difference) between a sample from the population can be numerically estimated and expressed as a probability.
TRUE.
What are the three ways of thinking when making inferences about the world?
- Dichotomous thinking
- Estimation thinking
- Meta-analytic thinking
What kind of thinking is based on a single research outcome where one chooses between two mutually exclusive alternatives as the true state of the world?
Dichotomous thinking.
Which kind of thinking is based on a single research outcome where the true state of the world is “either/or” between two nominal truths?
Dichotomous thinking.
Which thinking uses the keywords statistically significant vs non-significant?
Dichotomous thinking.
Which kind of thinking is based on a single research outcome where the true state of the world is understood in terms of magnitude in the form of either a single value or a range of possible values?
Estimation thinking.
Which type of estimate under estimation thinking pertains to a single value, and considers factors such as measures of central tendency and variability, p-values (or other conditional probabilities), standardized statistics (t-scores, z-scores, F-scores), and effect sizes?
Point estimates.
Which type of estimate under estimation thinking pertains to factors such as confidence intervcals?
Interval estimates.
Which type of thinking is based on a set of evidences, instead of a single research outcome?
Meta-analytic thinking.
TRUE OR FALSE: Point estimates gives us a particular value as an estimate of the population parameter.
TRUE.
TRUE OR FALSE: Interval estimation gives us a range of values which is likely to contain the population parameter.
TRUE.
What is the range of values in an interval estimation also called?
A confidence interval.
What is the term for the value that tells us how likely an interval estimation is to contain the actual parameter?
The confidence coefficient.
TRUE OR FALSE: A confidence interval is a random interval.
TRUE.
