FT: Q1 Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Properties of Acids
A
- Taste sour
- React with metals to produce hydrogen gas
- Neutralized when reacted with a base
- Turns blue litmus paper red
- Have hydrogen (H+) and hydronium (H3O) ions in solution
2
Q
Properties of Bases
A
- Taste bitter
- Slippery
- Do not react with metals
- Neutralized when reacted with an acid
- Turns red litmus paper blue
- Have hydroxide (OH-1) ions in solution
3
Q
Bronsted-Lowry Model
These are the proton donors
A
Acids
4
Q
Bronsted-Lowry Model
- These are the proton acceptors
A
Bases
5
Q
Two compounds differing only by the gain or loss of one H+
A
Conjugate Pair
6
Q
Every acid has a conjugate base, formed when […]
A
H+ is removed from the acid
7
Q
Every base has a conjugate acid, formed when […]
A
H+ is added to the base
8
Q
Acids that contain only 1 proton of hydrogen
(e.g. HNO3)
A
Monoprotic
9
Q
Acids that contain 2 or more protons of hydrogen
(e.g. H2SO4)
A
Polyprotic
10
Q
Properties of a strong acid
A
- Gives off lots of H+
- 100% dissociation
- HCl, HI, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO
- Everything else is weak
11
Q
Properties of a weak acid
A
- Give off smaller amounts of H+
- Equilibrium occurs (molecules break apart and recombine)
- Not 100% dissociation
12
Q
Properties of a strong base
A
- Give off lots of OH-1
- 100% dissociation
- Group I & II hydroxides (except H, Be, Mg)
- Everything else is weak
13
Q
Properties of a weak base
A
- Give off smaller amounts of OH-1
- Equilibrium occurs
- Not 100% dissociation
14
Q
[…] tells you how much the acid or base dissociates
A
Strong/weak
15
Q
[…] indicates the concentration
A
Concentrated/dilute
16
Q
Tells the acidity or basicity of a solution
A
pH
17
Q
In aqueous solutions, […] does not exist
A
H+
18
Q
These contain hydrogen and dissociate to liberate free H+ and negatively charged ions
A
Acids
19
Q
These combine with free H+ ions and remove it from the solution
A
Bases
20
Q
What is the average pH of human blood?
A
7.4
21
Q
At what blood pH levels is deadly?
A
< 6.8
> 8.0
22
Q
A condition in which there is too much acid in bodily fluids (pH > 7.35)
A
Acidosis
23
Q
A condition in which bodily fluids are too alkaline (pH < 7.45)
A
Alkalosis
24
Q
These are protein molecules made up of amino acids, and most contain 100-1000 amino acids
A
Enzymes
25
Shift in the body's [...] disturbs normal patterns of [...] catalyzed by enzymes
acid-base balance
metabolic activity
26
[...] is drinkable water that has a pH between 8-9
Alkaline water
27
Alkaline water has a low [...] which has low unstable free radicals to harm the body
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP)
28
A mixture whose pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it
Buffer
29
An aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa and is used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value
Buffer Solution
30
**Buffer System**
- Manages the acid-base imbalances, maintains optimal pH levels, and regulates the CO2 concentration
- Primary ECF buffer against noncarbonic acid changes
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
31
**Buffer System**
- Maintains acidity in and around cells and maintains constant H+ ions
- Primary ICF and ECF buffer
Protein Buffer System
32
**Buffer System**
- Maintains normal pH of the human body
- Primary buffer against carbonic acid
Hemoglobin Buffer System
33
**Buffer System**
- Maintains intracellular pH
- Urinary buffer
Phosphate Buffer System
34
These systems minimize changes in pH
Chemical Buffer Systems
35
Breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body
Hypoventilation
36
A critical condition that occurs when waste products associated with decreased kidney function build up in the blood
Uremia
or
Uremic Acidosis
37
[...] offers a faster and convenient approach for removal of solid suspensions in comparison to classical filtration methods
Centifuging
38
A physical separation method where dissolved solids can be removed by solutions by heating the solution
Evaporation
39
[...] leads to separation of one or more liquids in a homogeneous mixture on the basis of differences in their boiling points
Distillation
40
[...] plays a major role in isolation of pure fractions during refining of crude petroleum
Distillation
41
[...] occurs when a material changes phase from solid directly to gas without melting into a liquid
Sublimation
42
[...] is a process involving passing the mixture of charged species in a liquid through a column which retains oppositely charged ions and permits the ions bearing the same charge to pass through
Ion-exchange
43
[...] is used to isolate mixture of liquids having different miscibilities by shaking them in a separation funnel
Solvent extraction
44
A physical separation method used extensively in water purification
Ion-exchange
45
A physical separation method where pure compounds are separated from a dissolved state in a solution by allowing it to cool to room temperature after seeding the solution with a crystal of the pure compound
Crystallization
46
The basis of chemical separations is reactions producing [...] which can be separated by physical processes
insoluble precipitates
47
The reaction between different compounds in solution to form insoluble solid reaction products
Precipitation
48
Produces insoluble products resulting from the reaction between a metal and a complexing agent
Complex formation
49
[...] is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis
Chromatography
50
An immobilized species that interacts chemically or physically with the molecules you wish to separate
Stationary Phase
51
A solvent or buffer system that carries the molecules you wish to separate through the column in a manner that allows the molecules to encounter the stationary phase
Mobile Phase
52
A specific chemical component of the mobile phase that causes the target molecules to elute from the column
Eluent
53
The target molecule that you wish to separate from impurities
Analyte
54
The combined mixture of analytes and impurities
Matrix
or
Sample Matrix
55
Measured relative to the time of an analyte injection onto the stationary phase
Retention Time
56
Measured relative to the amount of mobile phase
Retention Volume
57
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A process where different compounds are adsorbed to different degrees based on the absorptivity of the component
Adsorption Chromatography
58
**Main Types of Chromatography**
Here, a mobile phase is made to move over a stationary phase, thus carrying the components with higher absorptivity to a lower distance than that with lower absorptivity
Adsorption Chromatography
59
The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface
Adsorption
60
A process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase
Absorption
61
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A process where the mixture of substances is separated into its components with the help of a glass plate coated with a very thin layer of adsorbent
Thin Layer Chromatography
62
**Main Types of Chromatography**
*Thin Layer Chromatography*
The plate used for this process is known as [...]
chrome plate
63
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A technique used to separate the components of a mixture using a column of suitable adsorbent packed in a glass tube
Column Chromatography
64
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture into a stationary phase and mobile phase takes place
Partition Chromatography
65
**Main Types of Chromatography**
Used for the purification of enzymes, hormones, antibodies, nucleic acids, and specific proteins
Affinity Chromatography
66
**Main Types of Chromatography**
*Affinity Chromatography*
A [...] which can make a complex with specific protein binds the filling material of the column
ligand
67
**Main Types of Chromatography**
Based on electrostatic interactions between charged protein groups and solid support material
Ion-exchange Chromatography
68
Positively charged ion-exchange matrices are called [...] and adsorb negatively charged proteins
anion-exchange matrices
69
Negatively charged ion-exchange matrices are called [...] and adsorb positively charged proteins
cation-exchange matrices
70
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A biochemical technique used to separate components in a mixture depending on interactions between these components
Affinity Chromatography
71
**Main Types of Chromatography**
A form of liquid chromatography in which we can analyze ionic substances
Ion-exchange Chromatography
72
**Types of Chromatography**
Stationary phase is a column which is placed in the device, and contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid
Gas Chromatography
73
**Types of Chromatography**
A mobile phase passes through columns under 10-400 atmospheric pressure and with a high flow rate
High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography
74
**Types of Chromatography**
A gas-liquid chromatography
Gas Chromatography
75
The ratio of distance traveled by the analyte to that of the solvent front on a chromatogram
Retention Factor
(Rf)
