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Fuel Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during Oxidation?

A

Electrons are lost

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2
Q

What happens during reduction?

A

Electrons are gained

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3
Q

What form is NAD+?

A

Oxidised.

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4
Q

What form in NADH?

A

Reduced.

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5
Q

How many steps in Glycolysis?

A

10 Steps.

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6
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Purpose of Glycolysis?

A

Provides starting materials for cellular respiration and fermentation.

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8
Q

Change in C atoms in molecules during Glycolysis?

A

Glucose (6C) to Pyruvate (3C)

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9
Q

Features of preparatory phase?

A
  • Steps 1-5
  • Endergonic (+G)
  • 2 ATP hydrolysed to ADP
  • Step 4 is when we go from 6C to 3C.
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10
Q

Features of pay-off phase?

A
  • Steps 6-10
  • For each 3C molecule, 2ATP are produced
  • Exergonic, (-G)
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11
Q

What happens to pyruvate?

A

Diffuses into the mitochondria.

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12
Q

What steps of Glycolysis is ATP invested?

A

Steps 1 and 3.

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13
Q

What steps of Glycolysis is ATP produced?

A

Steps 7 and 10.

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14
Q

What happens to NAD+ in glycolysis?

A

2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH in step 6.

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15
Q

What happens to pyruvate produced?

A

-Each pyruvate molecule produces 1 Acetyl Co-A, 1 CO2, 1 NADH.

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16
Q

What enzyme is required to convert pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.

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17
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration?

A

-Pyruvate is reduced to form Lactate.

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18
Q

What happens to NAD/NADH during anaerobic respiration?

A

NADH is oxidised to form NAD+

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19
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm.

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20
Q

What happens to TAG?

A

Becomes Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

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21
Q

What is energy yield for Fatty Acids from TAG?

A

95%

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22
Q

Energy yield for Glyercol from TAG?

A

5%

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23
Q

Which tissues can use Ketone Bodies?

A

Heart, Brain, Skeletal

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24
Q

How are Ketone Bodies used for energy?

A

Oxidised via the CAC and the ETC.

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25
Where does CAC occur?
Matrix of mitochondria.
26
How many steps are in the CAC?
8 steps.
27
When is NAD+ reduced to NADH?
Steps 3, 4, 8.
28
1. What happens in steps 3, 4, 8?
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
29
When are CO2 produced?
In steps 3 and 4.
30
2. What happens in Step 3 and 4?
2 CO2 is produced.
31
When is GTP produced?
Step 5.
32
3. What happens in Step 5.
GTP is produced.
33
When is FAD is reduced to FADH2?
Step 6.
34
Net products of CAC from 1 Acetyl CoA?
3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2
35
Where does the ETC occur?
At the cristae (inner membrane) of mitochindria
36
What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the ETC?
They are oxidised and release their electrons.
37
What do the protein complexes do?
Actively transport the H+ ions out of the matrix.
38
Where is Cytochrome C oxidase?
In complex IV,
39
What inhibits Cytochrome C complex from working?
Cyanide.
40
What are the 2 parts of the final step of Respiration?
ETC, and Chemiosmosis
41
What is the first step of Chemiosmosis?
The transmembrane protein ATP-Synthase is opened
42
What is the second step of chemiosmosis?
The H+ ions diffuse across the membrane via the ATP Synthase pump due to the concentration gradient of H+ ions.
43
How is ATP formed?
The electrical energy from the moving charged particles (H+) is used by ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP.
44
Why is O2 needed in respiration?
The O2 combines with the H+ ions and the electrons to produce Water
45
How many ATP are produced for one glucose?
30-32 ATP.
46
What is Thermogenin?
Another way for H+ to re-enter through the cristae.
47
What happens during Thermogenin?
H+ ions diffuse, releasing heat energy instead of ATP and keeps babies warm.
48
What is the total output after anaerobic respiration?
- 1 Glucose molecule produces 1 NAD+. | - 2 ATP produced in total, from Glycolysis.
49
What is the cori cycle?
Lactate is converted back to Glucose.
50
What is the process in which pyruvate is oxidised to Acetyl CoA?
Pyruvate Oxidation.
51
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
When some of the energy released by the electrons flow is used to synthesise ATP.
52
What is a term used to refer to the H+ concentration gradient formed?
Proton-motive force.
53
What is Digestion?
Breakdown of large macromolecules in monomers (smaller components)
54
Mobilisation?
Moving stored molecules and using it as energy.
55
What happens to the Glycogen during mobilisation?
It is converted into glucose-6-phosphate
56
What happens to G-6-P in the liver?
The G-6-P is converted into glucose and transported to the rest of the body.
57
What happens to the G-6-P in the skeletal muscles?
The G-6-P is metabolised to produce energy.
58
Mobilisation of stored Lipids?
1. Hormones trigger mobilisation of TAG from adipose tissue. | 2. TAG's are broken down into glyercol and fatty acids.
59
How are the TAG's broken down?
Adrenaline and Glucagon stimulate Hormone sensitive Lipase to cleave the fatty acids off the glycerol.
60
What happens to the Fatty Acids after Lipid mobilisation?
Fatty acids bind to albumin in blood and then later dissociate from albumin and enter cytosol of cells
61
How many ATP's do Fatty Acids produce?
131 ATP.
62
How is cholesterol removed?
- Via transfer into GIT and excretion via the faeces. | - Approx. 50% is eliminated after conversion to bile acids.
63
What are the proteins in the ETC?
1. NADH-Q Reductase. 2. Succinate Dehydrogenase. A. Ubiquinone 3. Cytochrome C Reductase B. Cytochrome C 4. Cytochrome C Oxidase.

Metabolism (11 decks)

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