Fuels

Question 1

what are compression ratios

Answer 1

they measure engine performance (bottom cylinder v/top cylinder v = ratio)

Question 2

racing engine (methanol = 15:1)

Answer 2

a lot better (higher power = high compression)

Question 3

what does a high rc mean

Answer 3

it means a good fuel efficiency

Question 4

what does a octane rating mean

Answer 4

the amount of isooctane to n-heptane (37:13)

Question 5

for a higher rc you need

Answer 5

a higher octane gas

Question 6

what is engine knocking

Answer 6

it is premature ignition/incomplete ignition (noisy engine)

Question 7

how to avoid engine knocking

Answer 7

using the right quality fuel or using an additive to increase octane

Question 8

what kind of hydrocarbons are used for high end cars

Answer 8

branched they make 3rd degree carbon which are more stable and take less energy to make

Question 9

what is TEL

Answer 9

61.5% TEL, 17.8% 1,2-dibromoethane, 18.8% 1,2-dichloroethane

Question 10

pros of TEL

Answer 10

makes higher octane rating, uses very little amount

Question 11

cons of TEL

Answer 11

lead is toxic, it poisons that catalysis converter

Question 12

pros of MMT

Answer 12

has more complete combustion, makes higher octane

Question 13

cons of MMT

Answer 13

Mn in the atmosphere, has debatable health risks (toxic CO that prevents premature ignition)

Question 14

pros of MTBE

Answer 14

higher octane, has complete combustion

Question 15

cons of MTBE

Answer 15

higher gas prices, is water soluble (pollutes the water)

Question 16

pros of ethanol

Answer 16

reduces CO emissions, is renewable

Question 17

cons of ethanol

Answer 17

competes with food, can degrade rubber parts, hygroscopic, energy input > energy return

Question 18

how has production of ethanol changed

Answer 18

production has doubled

Question 19

a 3 way catalyst

Answer 19

reduces emission product levels

Question 20

Rh catalyst

Answer 20

facilitates reduction

Question 21

Pd/Pt catalyst

Answer 21

facilitates oxidation

Question 22

Ethanol from corn/starch pros

Answer 22

is renewable, is theoretically “carbon neutral”

Question 23

ethanol from corn/starch cons

Answer 23

only kernels used, enzymatically treated, gas/diesel used, factories burn coal/methane, one growing season

Question 24

ethanol from sugarcane pros

Answer 24

no enzymes needed, 7 harvests/year, little fossil fuel

Question 25

ethanol from sugarcane cons

Answer 25

deforestation to plant, region specific, a lot of waste (burned waste = CO2), dangerous/difficult to harvest

Question 26

ethanol from cellulose pros

Answer 26

abundancein cellulose

Question 27

ethanol from cellulose cons

Answer 27

enzymes/bacteria needed to break it down, the tech for it is still developing

Question 28

CO2 naturel soucres

Answer 28

animals, plants, microbial respiration, biomass combustion

Question 29

CO2 anthropogenic

Answer 29

burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

Question 30

CO2 naturel sinks

Answer 30

temporary sinks: plants, trees, shelled creatures permanent sinks: CaCO2

Question 31

in the ocean CO2 is stored as

Answer 31

dissolved gas and in mollusk shells

Question 32

in land CO2 is stored as

Answer 32

CO3 in limestones

Question 33

in plants CO2 is stored as

Answer 33

CO2 in polymeric CH2O-

Question 34

how much did methane emissions rise

Answer 34

70% through anthropogenic causes

Question 35

what contributed to the methane rise

Answer 35

plant decay, mining (methane pockets), wetland expansion (flooding of dams)

Question 36

how can we get rid of CO2

Answer 36

more trees, underground sinks, into the water

Question 37

what is membrane sepration

Answer 37

allows CO2 in but not any other substances

Question 38

what is physical adsorption

Answer 38

activates C & zeolite (kitty litter) to absorb CO2

Question 39

what is cryogenic seperation

Answer 39

it is when CO2 freezes into dry ice

Question 40

what does the seasons have to do with CO2 levels

Answer 40

in spring/summer CO2 gets captured and in fall/winter there is less photosynthesis and there is more CO2 in the air