Fuels 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
An important primary liquid fuel.
A
Petroleum
2
Q
It is a dark colored viscous oil found deep in the earth’s crust.
A
Petroleum
3
Q
It is believed to have been formed millions of years ago by anaerobic decay of marine plant and animal life under the influence of high temperature and pressure.
A
Petroleum
4
Q
It is mainly a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (like straight-chain paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins and aromatics) with small amounts of other organic compounds containing N, O and S, and traces of inorganic compounds.
A
Petroleum
5
Q
The average composition of_____ is C: 83 - 87%; H: 11 - 15 %; S, N and O: 0.1- 5%.
A
Crude oil
6
Q
“It is the process of separation of crude oil into different useful fractions on the basis of their boiling points”
A
Petroleum refining
7
Q
The volatile components condense on the upper plates of the fractionating column while the less volatile fraction is collected on the lower plates.
A
Petroleum refining
8
Q
is a major fraction of petroleum refining. It is converted to petrol by cracking.
A
Heavy Oil
9
Q
Heavy oil is a major fraction of
A
petroleum refining
10
Q
It is converted to petrol by cracking.
A
Petroleum
11
Q
The objective of ______is to obtain greater yields of improved gasoline by thermal decomposition of the surplus heavier fractions.
A
cracking
12
Q
Gasoline obtained by______ gives better engine performance
A
cracking
13
Q
the knocking sound often occurs when
A
fuel and air mixture is incorrect
14
Q
the knocking sound often occurs when the fuel and air mixture is incorrect, which causes the fuel in uneven pockets rather than uniform burst. If left untreated, it can cause damage to the piston and cylinder wall
A
less knocking
15
Q
causes the fuel in uneven pockets rather than uniform burst.
A
fuel and air incorrect mixture
16
Q
Gasoline obtained by cracking gives better engine performance than
A
straight-run gasoline
17
Q
obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil
A
straight-run gasoline
18
Q
defined as the process of decomposition of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (higher boiling) into lower molecular weight hydrocarbons (low boiling).
A
Cracking
19
Q
involves breaking of C-C and C-H bonds.
A
cracking process
20
Q
It produces low boiling alkanes and alkenes.
A
cracking
21
Q
cracking produces
A
low boiling alkanes and alkenes
22
Q
A small amount of__________ are also produced.
A
carbon and hydrogen
23
Q
Carried out at high temperature and pressure in the absence of catalyst
A
Thermal Cracking
24
Q
carried out in the presence of a catalyst at a much lower temperature and pressure
A
Catalytic Cracking
25
The_______of gasoline produced is high.
Octane number
26
external fuel is not required. The necessary heat is obtained by burning off the coke deposited on the catalyst itself, during the regeneration process.
Catalytic cracking
27
Indicates the % by volume of iso-octane in a mixture of iso-octane and heptane which exhibit the same characteristics of the fuel in a standard engine under a set of operating conditions
Octane Number
28
Common octane numbers for gasoline fuels used in ______ range from 87 to 95, with higher values for special high performance and racing cars.
automobile
29
Common octane numbers for gasoline fuels used in automobile range from _________, with higher values for special high performance and racing cars.
87 to 95
30
is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air—a destructive distillation process.
coke
31
It is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges when air pollution is a concern.
coke
32
is a shiny, black fossil fuel that contains impurities, emits smoke when burned, and produces less heat than coke
coal
33
is a dull, black by product of coal that burns hotter and cleaner.
coke
34
are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called deposits or gums, which sticks to the metal surfaces along the vehicle-fuel system, from the tank to the combustion chamber.
formed oxidation products
35
The formed oxidation products are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called
deposits or gums
36
Catalysts are selective in their action, and therefore, they permit cracking of only
high boiling hydrocarbons
37
are selective in their action, and therefore, they permit cracking of only high boiling hydrocarbons.
catalysts
38
a cracking chamber
reactor
39
Near the top of the reactor, there is a centrifugal separator
Cyclone
40
After cracking, the products are fractionated into
gases, gasoline, gas oils, an residual oils
41
, the spent catalyst is stripped of the adsorbed oil by passing steam and then decarbonized by a hot air blast, under controlled conditions.
regenerator
42
The finely divided catalyst bed (Al2O3 + SiO2) is fluidized by the upward passage of feed stock vapors (Heavy oil, gas oil, etc.) in a cracking chamber (called Reactor) maintained at 5500 C
Fluidized (moving) bed catalytic cracking
43
The catalyst (Al2O3 + SiO2) in the form of powder or pellets is placed on the grid in the catalytic chamber
Fixed-bed catalytic cracking
44
After some time, the catalyst gets deactivated due to the deposition of carbon and oil on its surface. Steam is passed through the riser column. The deactivated catalyst is led into a regenerator through which air is passed. Air oxidizes C to CO2 and steam removes the oil.
regeneration of catalyst
45
It is the process of upgrading gasoline (increasing its octane number) in presence of a catalyst
Catalytic Reforming
46
The feed stock (straight run gasoline) is preheated to remove S and N content to acceptable limits to avoid platinum catalyst being poisoned.
reforming process
47
process carried out to improve the octane number of petrol by bringing about changes in the structure of hydrocarbons.The changes in structure could be isomerization, cyclization or aromatization.
reforming
48
straight chain hydrocarbons are converted to branched hydrocarbons
Isomerization
49
straight chain hydrocarbons are converted to cyclic compounds
Cyclization
50
cyclic compounds are dehydrogenated.
Aromatization
51
is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
52
the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. T
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
53
This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful work.
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
54
the spent catalyst is stripped of the adsorbed oil by passing steam and then decarbonized by a hot air blast, under controlled conditions.
regenerator
55
Ill Effects of Knocking
Decreases life of engine
Causes piston wrap
Consumption of fuel is more
56
proposed an arbitrary scale, octane rating, in order to express the ant-knock properties of gasoline's.
Graham Edger
57
The resistance to knocking offered by Petrols is expressed in terms of an arbitrary scale called
Octane NUmber
58
the percentage by volume of isooctane present in a mixture of isooctane and n – heptane which has the same knocking characteristic as the petrol under test.
Octane Number
59
The resistance to knocking offered by diesels is expressed in terms of an arbitrary scale called
Cetane Number
60
It is the percentage by volume of cetane present in a mixture of cetane and - methyl naphthalene which has the same knocking characteristic as the diesel under test.
Cetane Number
61
Adverse effects of gasoline knock
Increases fuel consumption
Decreased power output
Mechanical damage by overheating of the cylinder parts
Driving becomes unpleasant
62
The knocking in IC engines can be minimized through the following measures:
By:
-suitable change in engine design
-using critical compression ratio
-using high rating gasoline
-using anti-knocking agents
63
decomposes the peroxides formed and prevents knocking
Lead tetraethyl
64
convert the lead into ____________which are volatile and escape with exhaust gases.
Lead halides
65
used as anti-knocking agent poisons the catalyst and hence leaded petrol is not advisable in such IC engines.
Lead tetraethyl
66
is added to petrol (unleaded petrol) to boost its octane number
MTBE- Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
67
This is alcohol-blended petrol.
Power Alcohol
68
is a blend of 10 – 85% of absolute ethanol and 90 – 15% of petrol by volume and is used as a fuel in the United States.
Gasohol
69
is used in the preparation of Power alcohol to prevent phase separation.
Absolute alcohol
70
has better anti-knocking characteristics than unleaded petrol.
Power alcohol
71
Advantages of power alcohol
Power output is high
Does not release CO
Causes less pollution
Renewable and biodegradable
72
are obtained either naturally or by the treatment of solid or
liquid fuel.
gaseous fuels
73
Among the naturally occurring gaseous fuels, ________and______ are most important
natural gas &liquefied petroleum gas
74
The _______ and _______of a gaseous fuel
determine the thermal output of a heating appliance.
Calorific Value and Specific Gravity
75
3 types of gaseous fuels
Natural gas
Manufactured fuel gases
Petroleum gas
76
produced through an artificial process,
usually gasification, at a location known as a gasworks
Manufactured fuel gases
77
process that converts biomass- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Gasification
78
is an industrial plant for the production of flammable gas.
GAs works or Gas house
79
A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide
Biogas
80
81
Sources of biogas
Leftover food
Leftover meat and blood
Animal manure
Leftover straw and crops
82
A combustible mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, generated by passing air with steam over burning coke or coal in a furnace and used as fuel.
Producer gas
83
AKA air gas
producer gas
84
The main constituent is methane.
Natural gas
85
It is a fuel gas substitute for gasoline(petrol), diesel or propane/(LPG).
Natural gas
86
It is more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels and its much
safer than other fuels in the event of spill.
Natural gas
87
Used in cars and locomotives
Natural gas
88
It is obtained as a byproduct, during the cracking of heavy oils or from natural gas.
Petroleum Gas-LPG
89
A non-renewable source of energy.
Petroleum Gas-LPG
90
extracted from crude oil and natural gas
Petroleum Gas_LPG
91
The main composition of _____are hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms. The main constituents of _____are n-butane, isobutene, butylenes and propene.
LPG
92
It can be easily condensed, packaged, stored and utilized, which makes it an ideal energy source for a wide range of applications.
LPG
93
is non-toxic, its abuse – (like that of solvents) – is highly dangerous. It should always be treated with respect and kept away from children whenever possible.
LPG
94
LPG has the calorific value of about ______
25000 cal/m^3
95
is widely used as a domestic fuel. Used as an alternative fuel for IC engines, since it permits the attainment of high compression ratios without producing knocking. The main reason for converting to _____is its superb portability and convenience: it can be used in remote places where ordinary gas supplies are unavailable.
LPG
96
Advantages of LPG over gasoline as a motor fuel
Cheaper that gasoline
Readily mixes with air
Highly knock resistant
Burns cleanly
97
Disadvantages of LPG over gasoline as a motor fuel
Handling has to be done under pressure
low octane number
poor response to blending
98
It is essentially a mixture of combustible gases, CO and H2.
Water gas
99
It is also known as blue gas because it burns with a blue flame due to the
combustion of carbon monoxide.
Water gas
100
It is also known as blue gas because it burns with a blue flame due to the
combustion of carbon monoxide.
Water gas
101
It is used for the production of hydrogen.
Water gas
102
It is extensively used for the manufacture of methyl alcohol and synthetic
petrol.
Water gas
103
used as a fuel in glass and ceramic industries.
Water gas
104
which burns with
luminous flame is used as illuminating agent
Water gas
105
any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste.
Biofuel
106
Plants convert solar energy_____and this can be used as fuel
Biomass
107
Renewable High energy content, less polluting, cheap
Biomass
108
are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis.
Algae
109
are small green plants. These are, dried , powdered and can be used in IC engines.
Algae
110
It is a weed and grows wildly on the surface of water bodies
Water hyacinth
111
It is dried, powdered and heated with Klebseills oxytoca in the presence of NaOH.
Water hyacinth
112
is one of several Klebsiella bacteria. These bacteria are naturally found in the intestinal tract, mouth, and nose. They're considered healthy gut bacteria inside your intestines. Outside the gut, however, these bacteria can cause serious infections.
Klebsiella Oxytoca
113
is obtained which is distilled and is used to boost the octane number of aviation fuel.
Butanediol
114
is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of erucic acid.
Rapeseed oil (biodiesel)
115
This has properties same as diesel and is called
biodiesel.
Rapeseed oil
116
Breaking of water to hydrogen and oxygen is called
Photolysis
117
Algae containing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase produce hydrogen
from water.
Biophotolysis
118
derived from Organic wastes contain polymers like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
Hydrocarbons
119
These are fungi, aquatic plants or bacteria which help in nitrogen fixation and improve the quality of soil to increase crop production
Biofertilizers
120
Rhizobia in combination with leguminous plants can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixers
121
Azatobacter produces enzymes which can form ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.
Asymbiotic Nitrogen fixers
122
These are blue green algae which when used in combination with certain cultures such as Anabena, Nostoc are useful as fertilizers for paddy.
Algal Fertilizers
123
cheap, resistant to pesticides, and can be grown in saline water and poor- quality soil.
Algae
124
These convert insoluble phosphates in the soil into soluble phosphates so that plants can easily absorb them for their growth
Phosphate solubilizers
125
which can form complexes with iron in the soil and make iron unavailable to weeds.
Rhizobia
126
have a lyophobic and a lyophilic group in their molecule
Biosurfactants
127
They increase the solubility of organic compounds present in the soil. They remove non aqueous wastes from the soil.
Biosurfactants
128
