Nuclear Chem

Question 1

(change in valence)

Answer 1

Natural Chemical Reaction

Question 2

(change in the subatomic particles)

Answer 2

Nuclear Reaction

Question 3

largest stable nuclide

Answer 3

Bismuth

Question 4

studied rocks with radiation

Answer 4

Henry Becquerel

Question 5

coined radioactivity

Answer 5

Marie Curie & Pierre Curie (1911)

Question 6

known for his pioneering studies of radioactivity and the atom. He discovered that there are two types of radiation, alpha and beta particles, coming from uranium. He found that the atom consists mostly of empty space, with its mass concentrated in a central positively charged nucleus.

Answer 6

Ernest rutherford

Question 7

is a particle in which two protons and two neutrons are present that is emitted by certain radioactive nuclei

Answer 7

Alpha decay

Question 8

the decay will occur outside the belt of stability

Answer 8

Alpha decay

Question 9

2 sources of radiation

Answer 9

natural
man made or artificial

Question 10

example of natural

Answer 10

cosmic rays, rocks, heating up of magma, core center of the earth, surface to the rocks, inhalation, ingestion,

Question 11

where change and mass are identical to those of an electron that is emitted by a certain radioactive nuclei.

Answer 11

Beta decay

Question 12

the proton in the nucleus is transformed into a neutron and vice versa.

Answer 12

Beta decay

Question 13

positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of a negative electron.

Answer 13

Positron

Question 14

are the most dangerous type of radiation. They can travel farther and penetrate materials more deeply than can the charged particles emitted

Answer 14

Gamma rays

Question 15

produced when radioactive elements decay.

Answer 15

gamma rays

Question 16

only energy is emitted, proton stays the same

Answer 16

Gamma decay

Question 17

the splitting of an unstable nucleus into 2 separate nuclei.

Answer 17

Fission

Question 17

can release more energy than a nuclear decay reaction.

Answer 17

Fission

Question 18

• This was first observed & explained in ____ by______

Answer 18

1938- German and austrian physicists

Question 19

the type of reaction carried out in nuclear reactors

Answer 19

Fission

Question 20

Bombardment of the radioactive nuclide with a neutron starts the
process. Neutrons released in the transmutation strike other nuclei, causing their decay and the production of more neutrons. This process continues in what we call a

Answer 20

Nuclear chain reaction

Question 21

the combining of small nuclei into larger ones, is largely exempt from the waste disposal problem.

Answer 21

Fusion

Question 22

products of the reaction are not radioactive.

Answer 22

good news, Fusion

Question 23

that in order to achieve fusion, the material must be in the plasma state at several million kelvins.

Answer 23

Bad news, fusion

Question 24

Because fusion reactions take place only at very high temperatures, they are often called

Answer 24

Thermonuclear reactions

Question 25

show promise for carrying out these reactions. They use magnetic fields to heat the material.

Answer 25

Tokamak apparatus

Question 26

units of radiation

Answer 26

Curie (Ci) Roentgen (R) Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose) RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness of radiations) Rem ( Radiation equivalent, man)

Question 27

* The physical unit of radiation (measure in terms of emission). * Relates to the number of nuclear disintegration occurring per seconds.

Answer 27

Curie (C)

Question 28

1 curie=

Answer 28

37 billion disintegration ps

Question 29

* Not useful for biologic work because it is not radiation specific, it does not care on the effect of radiation on tissues.

Answer 29

Curie (C)

Question 30

* Measurement in terms of exposure

Answer 30

Roentgen (R)

Question 31

* Unit generally applied to x-rays and gamma rays * Defined as intensity of x rays or gamma rays that produces 2 billion ion pairs in 1mL of air. * Not accurate for biological work since the basis for disintegration is in the air not in the tissues.

Answer 31

Roentgen

Question 32

* Use to measure or asses the different types of radiation and its effects on cells

Answer 32

RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness of radiation

Question 33

* Measurement in terms of absorbed dose * Amount of radiation absorbed by the tissue being radiated

Answer 33

Rad

Question 34

* Measurement in terms of absorbed dose. * Represents the amount of radiation absorbed by human being.

Answer 34

Rem

Question 35

two things can happen to an electron subjected to radiation:

Answer 35

Excitation Ionization

Question 36

occurs when radiation, through energy release, excites an electron from an occupied orbital into an empty, high-energy orbital.

Answer 36

Excitation

Question 37

occurs when the radiation carries enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

Answer 37

Ionization

Question 38

, radiation of various types is classified into the categories as:

Answer 38

Non-Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiation

Question 39

is radiation with insufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule, but can also increase the temperature of the material through increased movement, vibration and rotation of the molecules.

Answer 39

Non-Ionizing radiation

Question 40

is the radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Most radiation associated with radioactive decay processes is ionizing radiation.

Answer 40

Ionizing Radiation

Question 41

is an atom, ion, or a molecule that contains an unpaired electron.

Answer 41

Free radical

Question 42

* Biological Effects of Radiation can be broken into two groups according to how the responses (symptoms or effects) relate to dose (or amount of radiation received)

Answer 42

Stochastic effects Deterministic effects

Question 43

The three types of naturally occurring radioactive emissions

Answer 43

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 44

most massive and also the slowest particles involved in natural radioactive decay processes.

Answer 44

Alpha

Question 45

* Because of their “slowness”, alpha particles have low penetrating power and cannot penetrate the body’s outer layers of skin.

Answer 45

Alpha particle effects

Question 46

* With their greater velocity, ----- can penetrate much deeper than alpha particles and can cause severe skin burns if their source remains in contact with the skin for appreciable time. * Because of their much smaller size, they do not ionize molecules as readily as alpha particles do. * Internal exposure to beta radiation is as serious as internal alpha particle exposure.

Answer 46

Beta particles effects

Question 47

* --- is released at a velocity equal to the speed of light. They readily penetrate deeply into organs, bone and tissue. * The minimum radiation dosage that causes human injury is unknown. However, the effects of larger doses have been studied with very serious damage or death can result from large dosage of ionizing radiation.

Answer 47

Gamma Radiation effects

Question 48

Methods for detecting Radiation:

Answer 48

Film Badge Geiger counter Cloud Chamber Scintillation counter

Question 50

a metal tube with wire inside. Contains a gas at low pressure. When radiation is detected, it is amplified by the detector and displayed as light flash, sound click plus the readout in the meter.

Answer 50

Geiger counter

Question 51

a chamber consists of air and a layer of water. Radiation is detected via visible path of condensed water.

Answer 51

Cloud chamber

Question 52

consist of sodium iodide crystal containing small amount of thallium iodide. Radiation is detected when the crystal gives of a flash of light as the radiation hits the crystals.

Answer 52

Scintillation counters

Question 53

is radiation that comes from natural sources to which living organisms are exposed on a continuing basis

Answer 53

Background radiation

Question 54

is a field of medicine in which radionuclides are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Answer 54

Nuclear medicine

Question 55

Radionuclides used in diagnostic nuclear medicine are often called

Answer 55

radioactive tracers

Question 56

Techniques in which radioactive tracers are used are called

Answer 56

nuclear imaging procedures

Question 57

characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth.

Answer 57

cancer

Question 58

Radiation damage to living systems is generally classified as

Answer 58

Somatic or genetic

Question 59

those that affect the organism during its own lifetime. Sunburn, skin rash, cancer, and cataracts are examples of somatic damage.

Answer 59

Somatic injuries

Question 60

means inheritable changes or gene mutations. For example, a person whose chromo- somes have been damaged or altered by radiation may have deformed offspring.

Answer 60

Genetic injuries