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show and tell > Fuels From Crude Oil > Flashcards

Fuels From Crude Oil Flashcards

1
Q

How can a mixture of liquids be separated?

A

Distillation

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2
Q

What are fractions?

A

Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil

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3
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules with only hydrogen and carbon

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4
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

What are alkanes?

A

They contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule we call them saturated, they have single bonds

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6
Q

What is the molecular formula of butane?

A

C4H10

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7
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing and collecting the liquids

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8
Q

Where are the hydrocarbons with the lowest boiling points collected?

A

The top of the fractioning column

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9
Q

What is the fractioning column like?

A

Hot at the bottom and get cooler going up

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10
Q

What is the difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation?

A

Simple distillation is done in steels by heating the mixture to different temperatures and fractional distillation is done continuously by vaporising the mixture and condensing the fractions at different temperatures

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11
Q

How does the fractioning column work?

A

There are many trays with holes to allow gases through. The vapours move up the column getting cooler as they go up the hydrocarbons condense to liquids when they reach the level that is at their boiling point. Different liquids collect on the trays at different levels and there are outlets to collect the fractions

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12
Q

Where are the fraction with the highest boiling points collected?

A

The boo tow of the column

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13
Q

What are fractions with low boiling ranges like?

A

Low viscosity; runny
Very flammable, ignite easily
They burn with cleaner flames, produce little smoke
Very useful fuels

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14
Q

Why are different hydrocarbons collected at different levels of a fractioning column?

A

Different hydrocarbons have different boiling points so they condense at different temperatures

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15
Q

What properties would you expect for a fraction that is collected one third of the way up a fractioning column?

A

Medium high boiling point, quite viscous, not nerdy flammable, burns with quite a smokey flame

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16
Q

What happens when hydrocarbons burn completely in enough air?

A

They are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water

17
Q

What does incomplete combustion produce?

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon, soot and unbutton hydrocarbons called particulates

18
Q

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of ethane?

A

Ethane+oxygen–>carbon dioxide+water

19
Q

Fossil fuels contain sulphur compounds which burn to produce what?

A

Sulphur dioxide

20
Q

What does sulphur dioxide cause?

A

Acid rain

21
Q

At high temperature what may oxygen and nitrogen form?

A

Nitrogen oxides

22
Q

What do nitrogen oxides cause ?

A

Acid rain

23
Q

What does carbon dioxide cause?

A

Global warming> melts sea caps> flooding

24
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The greenhouse effect works like this: Energy arrives from the sun in the form of visible light and UV radiation. The Earth then emits some of this energy as infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere ‘capture’ some of this heat, then re-emit it in all directions - including back to the Earth’s surface.

25
Q

What causes global dimming?

A

The tiny solid particulates reflect sunlight

26
Q

What can we do to stop the harmful effects of the pollutants given out by fuels?

A

Pollutants can be removed from waste gases after they are burned or
Sulphur can be removed before the fuels are burned

27
Q

What do catalytic converters remove in cars?

A

Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides

28
Q

What can move particulates?

A

Filters

29
Q

What are biofuels?

A

They are made from plant or animal products and are renewable

30
Q

Advantage of biofuels

A

Makes little contribution to co2 levels; they carbon dioxide given off when it burns was taken from the atmosphere by plants as they grew

31
Q

Disadvantage of biofuel

A

The plants take up farmland needed to grow food

32
Q

What is an example of a bio fuel?

A

Ethanol made from sugar

33
Q

Advantage of using hydrogen as a biofuel

A

Only water is produced as waste

34
Q

Disadvantage of hydrogen as a biofuel

A

It is a gas so takes up a large volume making it difficult to store in the quantities needed for combustion in engines

35
Q

How can hydrogen be produced?

A

Electrolysis of water

36
Q

What is biodiesel made from?

A

Vegetable oils extracted from plants

37
Q

What is crude oil made of?

A

Many different compounds that boil at different temperatures

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