FULL LENGTH REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
What is the only AA that isn’t optically active and why?
A
Glycine, because it doesnt have a chiril center
2
Q
The rate determining step with be between?
A
Only two molecules
3
Q
What is the formula for torque?
A
Torque=Frsin0
4
Q
How do intermolecular bonds and intramolecular bonds affect solubility?
A
Higher solubility and higher melting point=higher intERmolecular bonds and lower intRAmolecular bonds
5
Q
Entropy _________ when a solvation layer is formed.
A
Entropy decreases when a solvation layer is formed.
6
Q
is denaturation endothermic or exothermic?
A
denaturation is endothermic, while renaturation is exothermic
7
Q
Stomach secretion is regulated by?
A
the CNS and medulla oblongata
8
Q
What is the function of HCL in the stomach, and what cells secrete these?
A
functions to turn pepsinogen into pepsin
makes ph~2
secreted by parietal cells
9
Q
What secrets and what is the function of pepsin?
A
Secreted by chief cells
digests proteins within the stomach
10
Q
What secrets and what is the function of gastric lipase?
A
Secreted by chief cells
digests lipids
11
Q
What secrets and what is the function of intrinsic factor?
A
secreted by parietal cells
binds to vitamin B12 for absorption
12
Q
Gastrin is secreted by?
A
endocrine cells
stimulates release of HCL
13
Q
What is hematocrit?
A
% of total blood volume composed of red blood cells
14
Q
What are the portions of the small intestine from stomach to large intestine?
A
DJILLEST
duodenum
jejunum
illium
15
Q
The two major sites for nutrient absorption in the small intestine are?
A
duodenum and jejunum
16
Q
the arterial end of a capillary has ____ blood pressure and _____ osmosis, while the venous end of a capillary has ____ blood pressure and _____ osmosis.
A
the arterial end of a capillary has high blood pressure and low osmosis, while the venous end of a capillary has low blood pressure and high osmosis.
17
Q
The renin-angeotensin-aldosterone mechanism does what?
A
regulated blood pressure by changing peripherial resistance and blood volume
18
Q
The renin-angeotensin-aldosterone mechanism is stimulated by?
A
low blood flow
19
Q
A high Km and non-altered Vmax indicates what type of inhibition?
A
competitive
20
Q
Which type of enzyme inhibition binds at active site?
A
competitive
21
Q
Competitive inhibition can be overcome by?
A
adding more substrate
22
Q
A non-altered Km and low Vmax indicates what type of inhibition?
A
Non-competitive
Enzyme binds to both enzyme and enzyme substrate complex
23
Q
Where do non-competitive inhibitors bind?
A
the allosteric site
24
Q
A lower Vmax, and high Km if bound to enzyme but low Km if bound to substrate enzyme complex is what type of inhibtion?
A
Mixed inhibition
25
Where do mixed inhibitiors bind?
the allosteric site
26
A low Km and Low vmax indicates?
uncompetitive inhibition
27
Uncompetitive inhibitors bind?
to ES complex and allosteric site
28
All autosomal cells are _________, while all eurkaryotic cells are ________.
All autosomal cells are diploid (containing all chromosomes) but all eukaryotic cells are haploid (containing 1/2 chromosomes before fertilization)
29
The net products of Glycolysis are?
2 NADH and 2 ATP
30
The final and net products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are?
1 NADH per mol of glucose
| 2 NADH net
31
The final and net products of the TCA cycle are?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP per mol of glucose
| NET: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 GTP
32
How many ATP do you get from 1 mol of NADH?
2.5 ATP per mol of NADH
| NET after TCA: 10 mol NADH=25 ATP
33
How many ATP do you get from 1 mol of FADH2?
1.5 ATP per mol of FADH
| NET after TCA: 2 mol FADH2=3 ATP
34
Colustrum, which is milk produced pre-milk let down is high in _________ but low in _______.
High in protein but low in carbohydrates
35
What level of protein structure contains the active site for enzymes?
Tertiary structure
36
While Tertiary structure in monomeric, quaternary structure is?
polymeric
37
Nuclear splicesomes remove _______ and can?
remove introns, and therefor can process transcripts several different ways
38
Exons are?
the sequence that codes for ultimate protein
39
How do nuclear spliceosomes work?
they bind on either side of intron, looping intron into a circle, then cleaves it off while lipases bind two sides of the transcript back together
40
The 5' cap is made of?
Phosphates
FIVE PRIME=FOSPHATE
41
The 3' poly a tail is made of?
~250 Polyadenated adenine bases to protect and aid in transcript termination
42
If a genetic disorder is described as hemizygous in males, it means it is?
An x-linked disorder-male only has one X chromosome therefor hemi-zygous
43
Where are the 'normal gut flora' located?
the cecum where small and large intestine meet
44
What are the three subunits of a Gprotien?
alpha, beta and gamma
45
In the inactive state of a G-protein, what is bound to the alpha subunit?
GDP
46
When a hormone binds to a receptor that uses secondary messengers like G proteins, what occurs?
The receptor undergoes a conformational change, and G-protein binds with receptor.
This binding causes GDP to release and GTP binds
The alpha subunit then seperates from beta and gamma
Alpha subunit then can alter activity of molecules inside the cell (cellular response to hormone)
47
How is a G-protein deactivated?
The phosphorylation of GTP on the alpha subunit causes it to return with the beta and gamma subunits.
48
In addition to altering cellular activitied, some activated alpha subunits can?
open or close ion channels
49
What are some examples of G-protein hormones?
LH, FSH, TSH, Adrenocorticotropin, Oxytocin, ADH, Calictonin, parathyroid hormone, glucagon, epinephrine and norepinenphrine
50
What is the function of adenylate cyclase?
Converts ATP to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 2 organic phosphate groups
51
What is the function of cAMP?
intercellular mediator that binds to protein kinases and activates them.
***kinases regulate the activity of other enzymes by attaching phosphates to them.
52
What breaks down cAMP?
Phosphoesterase
breaks down cAMP to just AMP
53
An example of a cAMP activator is?
Gluacagon-uses cAMP to increase glucose release in liver
| LH-uses cAMP to stimulate ovulation
54
What is always the last step in DNA repair?
a DNA ligase to to re-link repaired section
55
Pyrimidines are?
CT
CTs are PYROS
56
Purines are?
A G
57
A transition mutation is when?
when a purine is substituted for a purine
or
pyrimidine with pyrimidine
58
A Transversion mutation is when?
when a purine is substituted for a pyrimidine or vice versa
59
Silent mutations are?
Mutations that have no effect due to 'wobble' or because of multiple codons for AA
60
Nonsense mutations are?
produce a stop codon prematurely
61
Missense mutations are?
mutation that causes codon to code for a different amino acid
62
Deletion mutation are serious when?
if 1 or 2 base pairs are lost and it causes a frameshift mutation.
if 3 are lost it leaves reading frame intact
63
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
64
How many ATP are produced per molecule of Acetyl Coa in the TCA cycle?
10 ATP
65
Beta oxidation occurs in the?
Mitochondrial matrix
66
Activation of FA for transport to the Mitochondrial matrix involves two enzymes, what are they?
Acyl-Synthetase and Carnitine Acyl-Transferase 1
67
Carnitine Acyl-Transferase 2 does what?
It removes the carnitine from the Acyl-CoA once inside the mitochondrial matrix
68
Acyl-Carnitine Translocase does what?
Facilitates the import of Acyl-Carnitine and export of carnitine-OH
69
The regulation of B oxidation is which enzyme?
What is it's inhibitor?
Carnitine Acyl Transferase 1
Malonyl-CoA (from FA syn) is allosteric inhibitor
70
What is the hormone that controls Na+ absorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
Aldosterone
71
What is the hormone that controls H2O absorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
ADH
72
Nuclear fusion involves?
A small nuclei combining to form a larger nuclei
73
Nuclear fission involves?
A large nuclei splitting into smaller nuclei
*Nuclear power is this
74
Alpha particle emission means?
the atomic number of the daughter nucleus will be 2 less of parent nucleus
75
Beta partical emmision is the emmission of what?
an electron
Atomic number of daughter nucleus is 1 lower than parent nucleus
**** Beta decay is more penetrating than alpha particle decay
76
Gamma particle emmision is>
a photon release
Parent nucleus is just lower energy with no change in number
77
What forces blood into the pulmonary trunk?
The force of contration of the right ventricle pushes blood through the semi-lunar valve into trunk
78
Blood pressure is higher in _______ circulation than in _________ circulation.
Blood pressure is higher in systemic circulation than in pulmonary circulation.
79
What is boyle's law?
V1P1=V2P2
80
Inspiration involves?
the contraction of the diaphram lowering the volume of thoracic cavity
81
Expiration involves?
the relaxation of diaphram causing passive decrease in thoracic volume
82
What is Tital volume?
Volume inspired or expired
83
What is vital compacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be expelled from respiratory tract after maximum inhalation
(Amt of air that can be inspired FORCEFULLY after inspiration)+ (Amt of air that can be expired forcefully after expiration) + Tital volume
84
For an amino acid to migrate to a cathode, it's net charge needs to be?
positive
85
Periodic table trends:
| Acidity increases as we?
Move DOWN a column
86
The prefix Levo and Dextro mean?
Levo-amino acid=L-AA
| Dextro=amino acid=D-AA
87
What is the continuity equation?
p2A2V2=p2A1V1
88
The structures of the ear are designed to do what to sound waves travelling through?
amplify the sound waves
89
How is the intensity of a sound wave related to area?
Intensity is INVERSELY proportional to area
90
Electromagnetic waves, Visible light, microwaves and x-rays are all examples of what type of wave?
Transverse waves
91
Transverse waves are when?
the particles ossilate perpendicular to direction of enery transfer
92
Longitudinal waves are when?
| What is an example?
the particles ossilate parallel to the direction of energy transfer
sound waves
93
Wavelength is a measure of?
the distance from maximum (crest) to the next
94
Frequency is a measure of?
the number of wavelengths passing through a fixed point per sec
95
Propogation of a wave is?
the measure of frequency and wavelength
V=(frequency)(wavelength)
96
Amplitude is?
the maximum magnitude of displacement in a wave
97
The speed of sound travels?
Fastest in solids with low density, medium in liquids and slowest in gas with high density
98
How can you tell which harmonic is occuring in a closed pipe?
by counting the number of antinodes
1st: Wavelength=2Length
2nd: Wavelength=L
3rd: Wavelength=2L/3
99
What are the harmonic for an open piple
1st: Length=Wavelength/4
3rd: Length=3Wavelength/4
5th: Length=4Wavelength/5
100
If a reaction has less moles of product then reactant, what occurs to the entropy?
it decreases
101
If light is in the products side of a reaction, one can reasonably assume that the?
reaction is endothermic
postive entropy
102
Enthalpy, or delta H for a reaction can be determined by?
Delta H=H(products)-H(reactants)
103
Efficiency is measured by?
(Load x Distance)/(effort x Effort distance)
104
Which is sponatenous/non spontaneous?
Galvanic Cells
Electrolytic Cells
Concentration cells
Galvanic Cells-spontaneous
Electrolytic Cells-Nonspontaneous
Concentration cells-spontaenous
105
An ox and a red cat describes?
oxidation occurs at anode
| Reduction occurs at cathode
106
Cells that contain salt bridges that prevent charge build up by releasing anions and cations into seperate 1/2 cells are?
galvanic cells
107
Chromotography seperates compounds based on?
stationary phase
a low affinity for stationary phase will make them be eluted faster
108
A pyran is?
a 6 member ring
109
A furan is?
a 5 membered ring
110
What occurs with temperature during a phase change?
Temperature remains constant until all of material has completed the phase change.
If heat is still added THEN the temp will change
111
An Acetic annhydride is formed via?
Removal of H2O from two carboxylic acids
112
Acetic annhydrides are soluble or insoluble?
insoluble because they will just go back to Carboxylic acids
113
Vapor pressure depression is?
As a solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure decreases proportionatly
Pa=(mole fraction)(Vapor pressure in pure state)
114
Boiling point elevation is?
When a non-volitile solute is dissolved into solvent to create solution, the boiling point will be greater than that of pure solvent
115
What is the formula for osmotic pressure?
(pie)=iMRT
i=Van hoff factor
M=molarity
R=ideal gas constant
T=temp
116
Alpa hydrogens are?
the hydrogens attached to the alpha carbon
117
Self-serving bias is?
the over-value of dispositional/personality based traits for behavior while undervaluing role of external circumstances
118
Which type of memory is involved in reasoning and comprehension?
Working mem
119
Humanistic perspective of personality focuses on?
self-actualization and helping patients become more complete and full individuals
120
Trait perspective of personality focuses on?
Measures aspects of personality that are grouped into patterns of though and behavior
121
Behavioral perspective of personality focuses on?
Focuses on more ACTION than cognition
122
What is the Hawthorne effect?
People tend to behave differently when being observed
123
The symbolic interactionist perspective focuses on?
The effects of social constructs on labels and how those contructs affects the roles individuals take on in society
124
What is Belief Perserverance?
when presented with varying opionions, more people are likely to believe information that confirms there opinion and discount evidence that refutes their opinion
125
systemic desensation is?
the use of high proximal stimuli to gradually de-sensitize individual
126
Lamarian inheritance is used to describe?
culture
127
Expressivity is used to?
describe the severity of disease
128
What is penetrance?
measure of # of people with the allele for condition that display condition
129
Restriction Length Polymorphisms have?
complementary sequence to DNA of interest
130
What is the difference between lysosomes and perioxisomes?
Lysosomes=break down proteins
| Perioxisomes=break down lipids
131
What is the founder effect?
Evolutionary phenomenon where certain areas of world show high frequency of paticular alleles
132
What is the bottleneck effect?
low numbers in gene pool due to natural disaster/overhunting
133
A persistant virus is going to _________ the number of mRNA transcripts coding for whatever specialized functions the cell is made for.
decrease
134
Microfilaments are?
polymerized rods of actin that play a role in cytokinesis in the cleavage furrow
135
Microtubules are?
hollow polymers of tubulin protein exhibiting a 9+2 structure
cilia and flagella are example
136
Intermediate filaments are?
Keratin, desmin, vimentin and lamins
involved in cell to cell adhesion
helps anchor other organelles
137
Why would an RIA be flawed if it had been made with the precursor to a hormone?
the RIA would detect GREATER amounts then actual active hormone because it would bind to active hormone + precursor
138
Interphase consists of?
G1, S and G2 phases
139
In skeletal muscle, what participates is direct phosphorylation?
creatine phosphate transfers a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP
140
What are the 3 post transcriptional modifications?
Addition of 5'cap
Splicing of introns and exons
3'Poly-A tail
141
What are the two types of non-coding RNA?
tRNA
| rRNA
142
S, or sedimentation units are?
the unit for size, molecular shape and density of molecules
high S=Large mol
143
Where is trypsinogen produced?
The pancreas
144
Trypsinogen is a precursor to ________ that does?
Trypsin, a protease that hydrolyzes proteins
cleaves peptide at carboxyl end of arginine and lysine
except when followed by proline
145
Stenosis is a condition where?
the heart valves adhere to each other, creating pressure in atriums
146
What is Ohm's law?
V=IR
V=voltage drop
I=Current
R=resistance
147
Current is?
the amount of charge per unit time
148
A longer length would mean what in terms of resistance?
higher resistance
149
A large cross section would mean what to resistance?
lower resistance
150
Conductivity is related to Resistivity how?
Inverse
151
What are diols?
Compounds containing OH groups
152
Ketones react with _________ to form cyclic ketals
diols
153
________________ requires energy, and is endothermic, which ___________ releases energy so thus is exothermic.
Bond breaking
Bond forming
154
A photon is released when?
Excited electrons at a higher energy level return to their ground state.
155
A logarithmic graph drawn on a linear scale will produce?
A straight line
156
log(2)=
log(3)=
log(5)=
log(2)=0.3
log(3)=0.5
log(5)=0.7
157
ln(x)=
ln(x)=2.3log(x)
158
The formula for intensity is?
intensity=Power/Area
159
The surface area of a sphere is?
4pier^2
160
The greater the density of a medium is related to the speed of sound how?
the greater the density of medium, the slower the speed of sound
161
How are the speed of sound, frequency and wavelength related?
speed of sound=frequency x wavelength
162
Atomic radius increases?
to the left and down
163
Electronegativity increases?
to the right and up
164
Ionization energy increases?
to the right and down
165
Zeff increases?
to the right
166
What is Zeff?
the effective nuclear charge
167
Electron affinity increases?
to the right and up
168
When doing the Quantum number for ions-a cation will take the?
removal of electrons from the highest principle quantum number
169
A Lewis acid is?
| A lewis base?
Lewis acid=any substance that can accept a pair of non-bonding electrons
Lewis base=and substance that can donate a pair of non-bonding electrons
170
Bronstead Acid is?
| Bronstead Base is?
and H+ acceptor
| An OH acceptor
171
If more common ions are added to a saturated solution, what will occur?
a precipatate
172
What is Ksp?
The solubility constant, high Ksp=high solubility
173
What is the equation for delta G of rxn?
Delta G=DeltaH-TDeltaS
174
What is keq?
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant
175
Standard Gibbs free energy equation is?
Standard delta G=-RTlnkeq
176
To find the Keq of a rxn, the formula is?
lnkeq=Standard delta G/RT
177
What is the difference between a morula and a blastocyst?
Morula=ball of 12 or more cells
| Blastocyst=hollow sphere surrounded by single layer of cells (occurs after morula)
178
What causes the foramen ovale to close?
increase in pressure in the left atrium and decreased pressure in the right upon breathing
179
What is the relationship between cross sectional area, resistance, and blood flow?
Decrease in cross sectional area, increased resistance of blood, blood flow decreases
180
Rate (velocity) varies inversely with?
Total cross sectional area
181
What is the formula for mole fractions?
How can this be applied to pressure?
(moles of A)/(total moles)
(pressure of A)/(total pressure
182
Proteins only function in tertiary stucture except for?
insulin
183
What are the strong acids?
HCL, HNO3, H2SO4, HBR, HI, HCLO4, HCLO3
184
Visible light-
| Name the colors going from low energy to high energy?
Low En./High frequency-
| Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet-High En, and high frequency
185
A carboxylase enzyme does what?
adds a carboxyl group onto substituent
186
Which type of FA aids in membrane solubility?
Unsaturated
187
1 watt=___J/s
1 watt=1J/s
188
The formula for power when dealing with watts is?
energy/time
189
Name the Erickson's stages of development
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth-18m) Hope
Autonomy vs. Shame (18m-3yrs)Will
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs)Peer Relationships
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Competence
Identity vs. Role confustion (12-18) Fidelity
Intimacy vs. Solidarity (18-35)Love
Generativity vs. Self (35-55)Care
Integrity vs. Despair (55-death)Wisdom
190
What is escape reinforcement?
Behavior that is performed to eliminate existing consequence
191
A heuristic is?
A mental shortcut
192
Social Facilitation is?
A person is more likely to perform better in the company of others
193
What is group think?
When a individual participates in a group, consensus is always desired result
194
Visual parallel processing is?
ones ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information about the enviroment
195
Socialization is the process in which?
an individual learns social norms
196
What organ functions as the 'bridge' between cerebrum and cerebellum?
the pons
197
What is selective attention?
Focusing on one part of the sensory enviroment and not others
198
What is divided attention?
Ability to process multiple (2 or more) different demands simultaneously
199
The eigth round of Beta oxidation on a C4 acid produces?
2 acetyl-coA
200
Insulators are _____ conductors of electrical signals/
insulators are poor conductors
201
What is Pousielle's law?
V/T=(Change in Pressure x pie x r^4)/(8 x viscosity x length)
202
Renold's number represents?
Where laminar flow becomes turbulent
V(critical)=(Rx viscosity)/(2pr)
203
The closeness of an electron withdrawing group to a carbonyl effects acidity how?
It increases the acidity.
An Alpha carbon withdrawing group with be more acidic then a beta carbon withdrawing group
204
A high frequency means?
a short wavelength
205
ATP stands for?
Adenine Triphosphate
206
The formation of crystals or dissolution depends on?
The solubility of the species
207
If the moles of a solution stay the same, but the volume increases, what occurs to the concetration?
The concentration decreases
208
A lower concentration of solutes will affect the saturation of solutes (thus possibly forming a precipate) how?
A lower concentration of solutes DECREASES the likelyhood of a solution becoming saturated
209
What is Bertolli's equation?
P1+pgh+(1/2)pv^2=P2+pgh2+(1/2)pv^22
210
Name the types of waves increasing in wavelength but decreasing in Frequency-
```
Small Wavelength/High Freq:
Gamma
X-rays
UV rays
Visible Light
Infrared
Microwave
Radiowave
Large wavelength/low freq:
```
211
The formula for magnetic charge is?
Force of Magnetic charge=Velocity x Charge x Magnetic Field sin 0
212
A saturated Fatty acid will have__________ while a unsaturated fatty acid will have?
No double bonds- saturated FA
Double bonds present-unsaturated FA
213
A protic solvent has?
Hydrogens attached to a electronegative atom (FON)
214
Acetone exists in two forms, what are they?
A keto form (double bond on O) and an enol form (double bond on carbon)
215
What occurs in a fisher esterification?
A carboxylic acid is esterfied by heating alcohol with a strong catalyst such as H2SO4
216
If two molecules are exactly the same, except for their dashes and wedges, what type of stereoisomer are they?
if they differ in their dashes and wedges, they are diastereomers NOT enantomers
217
If trying to figure out whether something is an enantomer, a key to look for is?
the R, S designations-enantomers will always have different R, S des
218
In a chromotography column:
AA with a low net positive charge are eluted at?
AA with a high net postitive charge are eluted at?
Low net positive charge=low pH
| high net postive charge=high pH
219
The difference between an amide and amine is?
An amide MUST have a carboxyl group
| An amine does not
220
NAD+ is the _________ from of NAD and acts as a?
NAD+ is the oxidized from of NAD and acts as a reducing agent
221
NADH is the ______ form of NAD and acts as a?
NADH is the reduced from of NAD and acts as a oxidixizing agent
222
Loss of H=
| Gain of H=
Loss of H=Gain of electrons
| Gain of H=Loss of electrons
223
Cytochrome p450 system is?
A drug detoxification enzyme that also assist in oxidation of steriods, fats and xenobiotics in liver tissue
224
Cholesterol metabolism is located in?
the liver
225
Respiratory acidiosis is?
the buildup of too much CO2 in the body
226
Insoluble molecules such as Ag(OH)2 can become soluble by dissociation when?
the pH becomes to acidic
227
Dissociated metal ions such as Ag3+ can interfere with cellular functions how?
They can replace normal cofactors for enzymes, such as Fe3+
228
The golgi is responsible for?
protein maturation and modification
229
Tight junctions are?
tightly sealed junctions between cells-so tight that the plasma membranes are sealed.
230
Cadherin is seen in which type of cell junction and what is it's function?
Caderhin is in adjacent junctions (zona adherins) and acts as a 'zipper' to adhere cells together
231
Desmosomes are?
A type of connecting junction in epithelia that needs to withstand abrasion
232
Hemidesmisomes are?
Cell junctions that connect the basal surface of epithelia via intermediate filaments to basal lamina
233
Integrin is in what type of cell junction?
It is a transmembrane hemidesmosome protein
234
What are gap junctions?
Gap junctions are formed by a protein called connexins, and these form stucture called connexon.
When two connexons from adjacent cells combine, they form a continuous channel between them
235
What do gap junctions allow to be passed?
inorganic ions, small water soluble molecules
NO proteins, nucleic acids or sugars
236
Which hormone passes through cell membrane and mitochondrial membrane to exert a portion of it's influence on metabolism?
Thyroid hormone
237
Aldosterone is?
```
A mineral corticol produced in adrenal cortex which acts on collecting ducts and distal tubule of kidney to:
Conserve Na+
Secrete K+
Increase water retention
Increase blood pressure
```
238
Cortisol is?
A steroid hormone in glucocorticoid family produced in adrenal cortex which is released in times of stress low and blood glucose concentrations.
Increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis
Supresses immune system
Decreases bone formation
counteracts insulin
239
How does cortisol counteract insulin?
By decreasing translocation of glucose transporters (especially GLUT 4)
240
TSH is?
Thyroid stimulating hormone produced in anterior pituitary, which stimulates thyroid to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiiodothyronine (T3)
241
Somatostatin is?
Growth inhibiting hormone that counteracts GH and TSH
242
Growth Hormone is?
Somatotropin peptide hormone produced in anterior pituitary, stimulated by sex hormones and inhibited by glucocorticoids
243
Glucagon is?
A peptide hormone secreted by alpha cells of pancreas which raises concentrations of glucose and FA in the bloodstream
244
Insulin is?
a peptide hormone secreted by the Beta cells of pancreas by lowering blood glucose levels
245
A peptide hormone requires what to enter the membrane?
A specific receptor, such as a G-protein
246
Acetylcholine is what?
A neurotransmitter released via exocytosis by motor neurons to activate mucles
247
Acetylcholinesterase is a enzyme that does what?
catalyzes the breakdown of Acetylcholine by terminating the transmission of acetylcholine at the synapse
248
Acetylcholine functions in what parts of the nervous system?
Autonomic, Parts of CNS, and the parasympathetic ns
249
Where are glucose, proteins, amino acids and toxins absorbed in the kidneys?
The proximal convoluted tubule
250
Which parts of the nephron are responsible for concentrating urine before excretion?
the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
251
Which part of the kidney is responsible for the adjustments of solutes in the urine?
loop of henle
252
Which metabolic pathway produces the precursor to nucleotide synthesis?
The pentose-phosphate pathway
253
What is the only pathway that uses NADPH and NADP+
pentose phosphate pathway
254
What are the only cells that have a nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
IF ANY PASSAGES MENTION CELLS WITH A NUCLEUS THEY ARE EUKARYOTES DING DONG
255
What are cytokines?
intercellular messengers that are concerned with inflamatory and immune responses
256
From what tissue does the CNS derive from?
the ectoderm
257
Blood, arteries and pericytes all derive from the?
mesoderm
258
Capillaries, having no muscular tunic have what type of pressure?
very low pressure
259
What type of virus enters the nucleus via fusion with cell membrane or receptor mediated endocytosis that is relient on host's DNA synthesizing machinery and and RNA processing machinery
DNA viruses
260
Which type of virus replicates in the cytoplasm using it's own RNA replicase?
RNA viruses
261
Which type of virus carries either ssRNA or ddDNA, and must go through an intermediate to replicate.
retrovirus
262
Retroviruses use what to carry out nucleic acid conversion?
Reverse transcriptase
263
A sphinomyelin is?
one of the few membrane phosphlipids NOT sythesized from glycerol, synthesized in ER and finished in Golgi.
They protect the cell surface against harmful enviromental factors by forming a mechanically stable and chemically resistant outer leaftlet
A phosphocholine head group is main identifier as most glycolipids have a sugar head group
264
What is the function of Aspartate Transaminase?
It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group between aspertate and glutamate
Converts L-Aspartate and alphaketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate
mainly found in liver and heart
265
A leaflet is?
1/2 of the lipid bilayer
266
Floppases are?
Transport proteins that move lipids FROM inside leaflet to outside leaflet
267
Flippases are?
Transport proteins that move lipids FROM outside leaftlet to inside leaflet
268
Transferases are?
Enzymes that transfer AA groups from one mol to another
DO NOT TRANSFER ENTIRE MOLECULES
269
What is stabilizing selection?
When a phenotype is maintained
270
What is disruptive selection?
When multiple phenotypes are produced
271
What is the mneumonic for the Polar amino acids?
See The New Queen Come
272
What is the mneumonic for the Non-polar amino acids?
Great Actions Very Likely Indicate Mastery
273
What is the mneumonic for the Hydrophobic AA?
Amazing Lucifer Videoed Good Iodine Factually Alot.
274
When centrifuging DNA that has been tagged with a 'heavy' and 'light' isotope, what would you expect to see?
the light DNA will be on the top
| the heavy DNA will be on the bottom
275
In the Meselson-Stahl Experiement, the 2nd generation (after light and heavy were mixed), the results were?
50% light and 50% heavy
276
How does bacteria divide?
Binary fission
MITOSIS AND MEOISIS ARE ONLY EUKARYOTIC
277
If something were to occur to a tight junction, what would you expect to see?
Extracellular fluid leaking in between the cells
278
What are the two AA that can be converted to ketones but NOT glucose?
Leucine and Lysine
279
What are the amino acids that are both glucogenic and ketogenic?
Funny Irishmen Teased Rabid Yetis
| Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Tyrosine, and tryptophan
280
An indication in the inviablity of hybrid offspring would be?
A different number of chromosomes
281
In a phylogenetic tree, the possibility of an ancient common ancestor could be determined by?
Following the branch points, the closer the branch point is, the more possibility
282
How many kcal per gram of?
Glucose
Ethanol
Glucose-3.8kcal per gram
| Ethanol-7kcal per gram
283
A muscle protein that is used for contraction but also functions as an ATPase is?
Myosin
284
When ATP binds to the myosin head it?
releases from actin
285
After myosin the releases from actin, the ATP is hydrolysed from ATP to ADP and Pi, and this reaction?
'cocks' the myosin head
286
When the phosphate group is released from the myosin head what occurs?
POWER STROKE
myosin pushes along actin, effectively moving the muscle, then ADP is released
287
Tropomyosin is?
a protein that curls around the actin filament
288
Troponin is?
"the nails" in actin that hold tropomyosin in place
Blocks myosin from crawling up actin or sliding down
289
How are troponin and Ca ion content related?
When the Ca+ ion content in sarcomere is increased, the calcium ion binds to troponin, moving the configuration of tropomyosin out of the way so myosin can move
290
The ions that bind with troponin come from the?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum.
If ATPases pump enough calicum into the muscle to activate it, the sarcoplasmic reticulum will dump its CA into cytoplasm to bind with troponin
291
How is acetylcholine released?
When the action potiental depolarizes the motor neuron, it opens calicum gated voltage channels that bind to the protein docking vessicles containing neurotransmitters
causing exocytosis
292
What hold myosin in place?
Titin
293
Recombination frequency will never be over?
50%, because 3 crossovers result in same alleles as 1st crossover
294
Mitochondrial DNA accumulates mutations at ________ times the rate of nuclear DNA
10x the rate of nuclear DNA
295
Where does glycolysis occur?
in the intermembrane space of mitochondria
296
Porins in the mitochondria are?
Small ion channels on the membrane that allow the passage of small molecules such as ions
297
Prions are?
misfolded proteins not containing amino acids, that reproduce by inducing benign proteins to misfold
298
What is the anatomy of a virus?
A core of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein called a capsid
299
If a the patellar reflex arc activates an inhibitory neuron, where would that act upon?
the muscle opposing the quad
300
What is the start codon?
AUG coding for methonine
301
What is the initiation phase of protein synthesis?
IF3 facilitates binding of mRNA to 30s (small ribosomal) subunit
IF1 binds in A site where tRNA normally binds
tRNA binds in P site, guided by IF2, which kicks off IF3
IF3 leaving prompts 50s (Large) ribosomal subunit to bind to 30s subunit
Docking of Large subunit prompts GTP hydrolysis and releasing transcription factors
302
What are the 3 binding sites on the ribosome? From left to right?
EPA
303
What are the steps of elongation?
EF-TU binds to free charges Aminoacyl-tRNA and complex enters A site
GTP is hydrolyzed by Peptidyl-trasnferase and creates peptide bond between P and A sites GDP, Pi and EF-TU are kicked off
Ef-G and GTP bind to ribosome. GTP hydrolyzed and this provides power to "ratchet" 50s and 30s subunits ahead 1 codon
New tRNA bind to A site, and induce confirmational change that ejects the uncharged tRNA out of ribosome
Steps continue
304
The termination phase of protein synthesis is?
Steps of elongation continue until stop codon is reached.
RF1 or 2 (release factors) then enter A site
The binding of RF1/2 activates peptidyltransferase function of ribosome to cut bond tethering completed peptide to tRNA in the P site
RF3 then triggers RF1/2 to depart ribosome
RF along with EF-G bind at A site and accompanying GTP hydrolysis undocks the two subunits
305
CD4 receptors are attracted to?
MHCII
Most helper Tcells
306
CD8 receptors are attracted to?
MHCI
Most cytotoxic T cells
307
B cells are produced in ?
bone marrow
308
T-cells are produced in?
Thymus
309
What are the two sections of an antibody receptor?
The fixed and variable portion
Variable portion determined by DNA
310
the receptor on viruses is called the?
Epitope
311
What is the function of effector B cells?
Turn into antibody factories after activation from helper T cells (Cannot do this until after specific T cell has bound)
~2000 per second. These antibodies will bind with antigen and mark them for destruction
B-cells will also engulf antigen and present it as a MHCII receptor
312
What is the function of helper T cells?
Respond to MHCII receptors, once bound to MHCII receptor, the T cell becomes activated and differentiates into effector T cells and memory T cells
313
Effector T cells?
RAISE THE ALARM-by releasing cytokines that will activate cytotoxic t cells
314
Effector cytoxic T cells?
Latches on the cell marked for destruction, and releases perferins to lyse the cell
315
What are the steps in blister formation to scar tissue?
fluid buildup in epidermis, tissue dehydration, epithelial growth and collagen infiltration
316
When hearing the word necrosis one should think?
unnatural unplanned cell death
317
The more a DNA strand travels down a cell, the?
shorter it is
318
on gel electrophoriesis, the 3' end of DNA will be closer to the ___________ while the 5' end of DNA will be closer to the _________.
the 3' end of DNA will be closer to the cathode (-) while the 5' end of DNA will be closer to the anode (+)
319
The F1 subunit of ATPase is where?
| The Fo subunit of ATPase is where?
F1-Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
| Fo-creates energy via exergonic reaction of protons flowing through
320
The repressor will always bind to the?
operator
321
RNA polymerase will always bind to what in operons?
the promoter
322
When no glucose is available and lactose is present, what occurs?
With low glucose, there is high cAMP-therefore cAMP binds to the Catabolic Activator protein complex on the lac operon which INCREASES the trate of transcription
323
What is an epimer?
Two sugars that only differ around one carbon
Glucose and Galactose are examples
324
Lactose is less preferred as an energy source by the cell because?
It is a diasacchride, and therefor must be cleaved before processing
325
A high mitochondrial cell count would allow us to infer what about glucose consumption?
A high mitochondrial cell count would allow us to infer that there is high glucose consumption and high energy need for cell.
If a cell's function is to deliver glucose-it would indicate a LOW mitochondrial count
326
How do Standard delta G and Standard E Relate?
Standard Delta G<0=Standard E>0
327
How do standard delta G and K relate
Standard Delta G<0=K>1
328
What are the two enzymes in the glycolytic pathway that USE ATP?
hexokinase and PFK1
329
What is the enzymes in the glycolytic pathway that PRODUCES ATP?
Phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
330
Which enzyme in the glycolytic pathway reduces NAD+ to NADH?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phophate Dehydrogenase
331
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase reduces?
NAD+ to NADH
332
Which enzymes in the TCA cyle reduce Nad+ to NADH?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Malate dehydrogenase
333
What enzyme in the TCA cycle reduces FAD+ to FADH?
Succinate-dehydrogenase
334
Which enzyme in the TCA cyle creates GTP
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
In the
Succinyl-Coa -> Succinate formation
335
the irreversable binding to an enzyme would involve?
a strong bond such as a covalent disulfide bond
336
3' to 5' endonuclease repair by DNA polymerase is?
Proofreading
337
ADH would _______ collecting duct permeability and _____ blood pressure.
Increase both collecting duct permeability and increase blood pressure
338
Both proline and glycine are found in?
beta turns
339
Beta hairpin turns have which AA?
proline and tryptophan
340
The expansion of a gas will result in what to both temp and density?
lower both temp and density
341
Conduction is heat transfer by?
direct contact such as pipes with water cooling an engine
342
Convection is?
movement of heat by actual movement of molecules, such as steam released into atmosphere
343
Radiation is?
the release of energy through electromagnetic waves, and every object does this unless is has 0k.
344
What is charles's law?
Volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to temperature.
V1T1=V2T2
345
To figure out the isotope created in a nuclear reaction, what do you do?
Atomic mass of reactants-atomic pass of products
| Mass # of reactants-Mass# of products
346
Nucleus have what kind of charge?
positive
347
A wedge indicates that the substiuent is?
"into" the page (away from you)
348
A dash indicates that the substiuent is?
"out of" the page (towards you)
349
What is the equation for relating Enthalpy, Change in Enthapy, and Entropy?
Delta G=DeltaH-TDeltaS
350
If a pKA is negative, it means that as the temperature rises, the pka of the AA will go?
down
351
If a pka is low but a Ka is high, what will occur if temperature is raised?
more dissociation
352
If the dissociation is high, what does that mean for Enthalpy?
Enthalpy>0
353
The higher electronegativity an atom has, the better?
electron withdrawing group it is
354
What is the weakest intermolecular force?
dispersion forces
*temporary attractive force that results when two adjacent atoms form temporary dipoles
355
In a hydration synthesis reaction, the alkene will always?
be turned into a primary OH group
356
What is the formula for Vo with Kcat?
Vo=(Kcat [E]{s])/(km+[s])
357
What is the formula for Kcat?
Kcat=Vmax/[E]
358
What is the formula for Vmax?
Vo=(Vmax[S])/(km+[s])
359
According to Pousielle's Law of Flow, if a pipe's radius is cut in half, what will occur to the volumetric flow?
it will go down by a factor of 16
Q=(Change in Pressure x pie x r^4)/(8 x viscosity x Length)
360
Primary structure of proteins can only be broken by?
Amide hydrolysis
361
Secondary structure of proteins can only be broken by?
Anything that can break hydrogen bonds like heat or alcohol
362
Tertiary structure can be affected by?
Acid-Bases: Can disrupt salt bridges
Heavy Metal salts: Both salt bridges and disulfide bonds
Reducing agents: disulfide bonds
363
How are energy and frequency related?
E=f
directly proportional
364
How are frequency and wavelength related
f=1/wavelength
Inversely proportional
365
How are energy and wavelength related?
E=1/wavelength
| inversely proportional
366
D and L conventions are related only to?
the configuration of groups around central carbon-or alpha carbon in AA
367
(+), (-) designations are used for?
optically active compounds
+=clockwise
-=counterclockwise
368
Myopia is also called _________. And results from?
Nearsightedness
| Results from lens being too strong or eye too long, light connects before retina
369
Hyperopia or ___________ results from?
Farsightenness results from lens being too weak or eye too short and light connects far after retina
370
Were does tempory hyperopia occur and why?
temporary hyperopia occurs in water because the refractive indexes of H2O and eyes media are too similar.
371
What is the formula for Ka?
Ka=([H3O+][A-])/[HA]
Products/reactants (not including water)
372
What is the formula for Kb?
Kb=([BH+][OH-})/[B]
373
The atomic number is?
the number of protons
374
Ka is the?
dissociation constant
375
A stable conjugate base indicates what about the acidity?
A stronger acid
376
Why are aromatic rings more stable conjugate bases?
they are more stable due to resonance
377
Which one is a better reducing agent?
| A tertiary alcohol or primary alcohol?
A tertiary alcohol CANNOT BE OXIDZED. so therefor a primary alcohol
378
Ka x Kb=
10^-4
379
pKa + pKb=
14
380
Which is higher, first or second ionization energies?
SECOND IS ALWAYS HIGHER
381
How would urine osmolarity react to low blood pressure and volume?
increase in urine osmolarity
382
What is the social cognitive theory?
people learn through observation
383
James-Lang theory of emotion is?
sensory data triggers physiological symptoms which leads to emotional state
384
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion is?
Two factor theory: The combination of the state of arousal and cognition results in emotion
when aroused people look for cues on why they are
385
The cannon-bard theory of emtion is?
The feelings and response to emotion are independent physiological and simultaneous events
386
What is the cognitive appraisal theory?
Process by which an idividual emotionally reacts after evaluating a situation
387
In developed nations, how are relative and absolute poverty related?
Relative poverty is MUCH higher
388
What are Piaget's stages of development?
Birth-2yr: Sensory-motor (object permanence)
2-7yr: Pre-operational (Selfish)
7-11 yr: Concrete operational (Conservation understood)
12-up:Formal Operationsal (Abstract ideas understood)
389
Broca's area is located where?
| What would occur if damage happened here?
Left frontal lobe
| Can't speak but can understand
390
Wernicke's area is located where?
| What would occur if damage happened here?
Left temporal gyrus
| Can speak but can't understand
391
What is the dramaturgical approach?
Individuals are actors on a stage, effected by time, place, circumstance, race and themselves
392
What is the developmental approach?
Looks at how thinking, feeling, and behavior can change throughout life.
393
What is social constructionism?
how groups of people come to assign meaning or value to objects or concepts
