full_sleep_study_flashcards_anki

Question 1

What is the psychology being investigated

Answer 1

Ultradian rhythm, REM and NREM sleep, EEG used to measure brain activity.

Question 2

What was the background

Answer 2

Study aimed to find a reliable way to detect dreams using EEG, focusing on REM and NREM stages.

Question 3

What are the 3 main aims

Answer 3

1) Is dreaming more likely in REM? 2) Correlation between dream duration and REM length? 3) Do eye movements relate to dream content?

Question 4

What is a correlation

Answer 4

A statistical measure to investigate relationships between variables.

Question 5

2 strengths of using correlations

Answer 5

1) Helps form psychological theories. 2) No need for variable manipulation, useful where experiments are impractical.

Question 6

What is the IV and DV

Answer 6

IV: REM or NREM, 5/15 min duration, eye movement patterns. DV: Dream occurrence, content, duration.

Question 7

What was their methodology based on

Answer 7

Observations (EEG), interviews, and correlations between dream content and eye movements.

Question 8

Experimental design used and strength

Answer 8

Repeated measures design; reduces participant variables.

Question 9

Describe the sample

Answer 9

9 adults (7 male, 2 female) from Chicago. 5 studied in detail, 4 used to confirm findings.

Question 10

Subjective and objective reports

Answer 10

Objective: EEG data. Subjective: Participant dream recall.

Question 11

Functions of EEG and EOG

Answer 11

EEG tracks brain activity. EOG records eye movements.

Question 12

How were participants standardised before sleep

Answer 12

No alcohol or caffeine, ate normally, consistent sleep time, quiet/dark room.

Question 13

What occurred in Procedure 1

Answer 13

Participants woken during REM and NREM to recall dreams via interview.

Question 14

What occurred in Procedure 2

Answer 14

Participants woken 5-15 mins into REM, estimated dream duration, word count recorded.

Question 15

What occurred in Procedure 3

Answer 15

Woken after eye movement detected, asked to describe dream content.

Question 16

How were participants woken

Answer 16

PM & KC: Random; DN: Patterned; WD: Deceived; IR: Researcher choice.

Question 17

2 main results

Answer 17

REM varied by person; higher dream recall in REM vs. NREM.

Question 18

2 results from Procedure 1

Answer 18

REM recall: 79.6%, NREM recall: 7%, 152 REM dreams vs. 11 NREM dreams.

Question 19

2 results from Procedure 2

Answer 19

Positive correlation with word count, 88% accuracy for 5 mins, 78% for 15 mins.

Question 20

4 eye movement patterns

Answer 20

Vertical, Horizontal, Mixed, Little/no movement.

Question 21

Example of dream with Vertical and Very little eye movement

Answer 21

Vertical: Climbing ladders. Little: Driving a car and staring into the distance.

Question 22

Example of dream with Horizontal and Mixed eye movements

Answer 22

Horizontal: Watching people throw tomatoes. Mixed: Talking to a group of people.

Question 23

3 conclusions of the study

Answer 23

1) Dreams only occur during REM. 2) Dream duration correlates with real-time. 3) Eye movements relate to dream content.

Question 24

Contribution to sleep-related interventions

Answer 24

EEG could help detect REM-related sleep disorders and distinguish typical from atypical sleep patterns.

Question 25

5 strengths of the study

Answer 25

1) High standardisation. 2) Few demand characteristics. 3) Fixed 5/15 min REM timing. 4) Use of tape recorders. 5) Quantitative and qualitative data.

Question 26

4 weaknesses of the study

Answer 26

1) Low ecological validity. 2) Poor generalisability. 3) Subjective dream recall. 4) Disrupted sleep pattern affects dreams.

Question 27

Ethical concerns

Answer 27

Deception (WD), possible unawareness of sleep disturbance effects, and privacy concerns about dream content.

Question 28

Nature argument in the study

Answer 28

Biological processes like eye movement and REM cycles suggest dreaming is innate.

Question 29

Nurture argument in the study

Answer 29

Dream content is influenced by life experiences, and dream duration can vary by environment.

Question 30

Additional aim of the study

Answer 30

To examine correlation between REM duration and number of words used to describe a dream.

Question 31

4 results of REM period

Answer 31

REM occurred every 92 mins, lasted ~20 mins, longer periods later in night, 2–100 eye movements observed.

Question 32

How was EEG calibration confirmed

Answer 32

20 awake participants moved eyes to test if EEG correctly identified eye movement direction.

Question 33

who was woken up from Nrem and Rem randomly

Answer 33

PM,KC,WD

Question 33

how was DN woken up

Answer 33

3 rem and 3 nrem

Question 33

what was WD told

Answer 33

that he was only going to be woken up during rem

Question 34

who was woken up according to choice

Answer 34

IR

Question 35

how many dreams from REM were recalled

Answer 35

152

Question 35

how many dreams from NREM were recalled

Answer 35

11

Question 35

how many dreams from REM were not recalled

Answer 35

39

Question 36

how many dreams from NREM were not recalled

Answer 36

149

Question 37

how many estimations were correct after 5 minutes

Answer 37

45/51

Question 38

how many estimations were correct after 15 minutes

Answer 38

47/60