Funct anat week 1 & 2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
List and describe anatomical directional terms
Superior and Inferior: upper and lower
Anterior and Posterior: front and back
Proximal and Distal: Towards trunk and away from trunk
Lateral and Medial: Away and towards midline
Anatomical planes
Sagittal- left and right
Frontal- front and back
Transverse- upper and lower
Joint motion
Flexion /extension - reduce and increase angle
Adduction / Abduction - Towards and Away from midline
External Rotation / Internal Rotation - rotating joint either medially or outside
Description of soccer place kick motor skill
Backswing
hip: extension
Knee: flexion
ankle: plantar flex
Leg cocking
hip: extension
knee: flexion
ankle: Plantar flex
Leg acceleration
hip: Extension - flexion
Knee: flexion - extension
Ankle: Plantar flex - dorsi flex
What is the purpose of functional anatomy in sport
Imperative that individuality is considered at every measure
One size fits all technique?
“identify coach of a group of swimmers via technique regardless of body type” (Bloomfield and Blanksby, 1973)
Body structure and function is different for every
individual with different strengths and weaknesses
Assessment modification model
observation
intervention
What are the components of the assessment modification model?
Performance
|
Sport science theoretical base
|
|
Observation and assessment
|
Comparison and profiling
|
Intervention priority
|
Physical capacity: Physiological modification, Physical modification
|
Technical or tactical: Biomechanical modification, Phycological considerations,
Pedagogical considerations
=
Reassessment
Tactical terms
Explain the use of athlete profiling
Comparison of data to;
Others (norms comparison)
Previous personal values
General
- Evaluation of athlete at beginning of season
- For preparation of training season
- Incorporating many facets of performance
Specific
-Regular testing of an activity specific parameter to measure the progress of training
How do you structure prioritisation of interventions?
- Goals and ability of individual
- What will illicit the greatest improvement?
- Individual strengths and weaknesses
- Sport or training phase specific
-What modifications are possible? Strength, power, body mass, flexibility Body type, composition, speed, agility Posture, dynamic balance Proportionality (easy to difficult)
Technical modification may be necessary instead of or as well as physical modification for optimal performance
Benefits and structure of talent ID programs
-Profiling of athletes
-Elite adolescent Elite senior retention poor (Vaeyens et al., 2009)
34.6-55.7% retention from junior to senior competition
Australian evidence… only 25% of AFL listed players participated in the U16 state programs (Cripps et al., 2015)
Can coaches predict long-term career attainment outcomes in adolescent athletes?
Name and describe the functions of bone
Support & protection: framework that supports soft tissues & protects critical organs (skull protects brain; ribs protect heart)
Movement: rigid levers on which muscles pull to produce movement
Hematopoiesis: production of red blood cells
Storage of minerals & fats: calcium & phosphate
What are the different cells and structure of bone
Osteoblasts (build)
Bone-forming osteocytes
Lay down calcium-containing crystals along collagen fiber “struts” in extracellular matrix
Osteoclasts
Break down old bone due to changes in stress on body
Free chemicals that degrade mineral crystals, releasing stored calcium into blood stream
What are the joint types; structure and function
Fibrous joint: function =Synarthrotic, Mobility= immovable, e.g. skull sutures, Tibiofibular syndesmosis of lower leg, Gomphoses of teeth
Cartilaginous: function= Amphiarthrotic, Mobility= Slightly movable, e.g. Intervertebral joints, Costochondral junctions of ribcage, pubic symphysis of pelvis.
Synovial joint: Function= Diarthrotic, Mobility= Freely movable, e.g. Glenohumeral joint of shoulder, Tibiofemoral joint of knee, humeroulnar joint of elbow.
What is ROM and DOF
ROM= range of motion -How MUCH it moves -The maximum angular displacement about a joint (Enoka, 2002) -Measured in degrees (°) -Determined by the structure of the joint…
DOF= degree of freedom
- How it moves
- An axis of rotation (Enoka, 2002)
- Three axes of rotation
What are the lever types and examples in body?
Levers in human body: First- class levers= -Axis (A) between force (F) and resistance (R) -FAR e.g. chin to chest (back neck)
Second- class levers=
- Resistance (R) between axis (A) and force (F)
- ARF
- Relatively few
e. g. calf raise
Third- class levers=
- Force (F) between axis (A) and resistance (R)
- AFR
- Most common
e. g. bicep flexion
Difference of muscle force and torque?
- Muscles apply forces to bones that create moments about joints
- This is how all body movements (i.e. - joint rotations) are INTERNALLY generated
Muscle moment (T) = Muscle force (line of pull) (F) • perpendicular distance from joint axis (Moment arm) (Distance) Ability of muscles to generate movement dependent on joint orientation. Muscles can only pull from origin to insertion
What are the muscle contraction types?
Isometric = iso= same, metric = length
Eccentric= Muscle lengthening
Concentric= muscle shortening
Name muscle contractions and moment (levers)
Isometric = Applied force = Resistance Concentric = Applied force > Resistance Eccentric = Applied force < Resistance
Muscle structure; pennation angle and fibre length
Hierarchical structure - Bundles of contractile elements
Can only contract or pull; create or resist tension
Generate force on bone via tendon
Create moments/torque about joints for movement
Agonists & antagonists provide joint movement and stability
Pennation angle=
Muscle fibres at an angle to line of pull
Increase the number of sarcomeres in parallel
Enables more force generation with >CSA
Like car engine size (> no. of MU’s)
What are the muscle types based on fibre arrangement
Parallel arrangements: shorten equally & in same direction to maximise ROM
Fusiform-
purpose= Focus force production into specific landmarks
e.g., brachialis, biceps brachii
Circular-
purpose= Contract and close passages or relax and open them
e.g., Orbicularis oris, Sphincter ani
Triangular-
purpose= Diversification of actions, creating multiple movement possibilities
e.g. Pectoralis major, Trapezius
Pennate arrangements: Maximise number of fibres in an area for greater force production
Unipennate-
purpose= Strong force production from one direction
e.g. Tibialis posterior, Biceps femoris
Bipennate-
purpose= Strong force production from two directions
e.g. Rectus femoris
Multipennate-
purpose= weaker force production from many directions
e.g. Deltoid
What are the different roles of muscles?
Agonists/prime movers directly responsible for producing a movement.
Prime movers: large impact on movement
Assistant movers: only help when needed
Even the simplest movements can be the result of multiple muscles (compound)
E.g. – bicep curl
Antagonists
- Opposite to that of movers, or agonists.
- Create opposing muscle moments
Co-contraction
- The simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists = isometric contraction
- Neutralizers and stabilizers may need to co-contract to counteract the additional function of a mover.
Describe Tendon/ligament structure and response to stretch
Primarily bundles of collagen fibres
Tendon- Muscle to bone (< force, > vel)
Ligament- Bone to bone
Force transmission and elastic energy storage
