Function of the liver and hepatobiliary system

Question 1

What does the liver share a blood supply with?

Answer 1

The intestines

Question 2

What proportion of your body weight is the liver?

Answer 2

1/50th

Question 3

How many lobes is the liver made of?

Answer 3

2 lobes

Question 4

What divides the two lobes of the liver?

Answer 4

The falciform ligament

Question 5

What size are the two lobes in relation to each other?

Answer 5

1/3 left lobe

2/3s right lobe

Question 6

How is the liver held in place?

Answer 6

Interabdominal pressure

Peritoneum

Question 7

Where is the liver located?

Answer 7

Right upper quadrant

Question 8

What is the hylum?

Answer 8

Where blood enters and leaves the liver

Question 9

What two further lobes are visible from the back of the liver?

Answer 9

Caudate lobe

Quadrate lobe

Question 10

What variations in gross liver anatomy could be caused by genetic variations?

Answer 10

Hereditary anatomical displacement
Accessory lobes
Clefts

Question 11

What variations in gross liver anatomy could come about from internal factors?

Answer 11

Portal thrombosis
Cardiac cirrhosis
Fibrosis
Atrophy

Question 12

What variations in gross liver anatomy could come about from external factors?

Answer 12

Impression effects

Question 13

Where does hepatic bile drain?

Answer 13

Directly into the duodenum

Question 14

What is the common hepatic duct?

Answer 14

The duct which transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder

Question 15

What is the common bile duct?

Answer 15

The duct which transports bile from the gall bladder into the duodenum

Question 16

How many segments can the liver be divided into?

Answer 16

8 sections

Independent blood supply and bile drainage

Question 17

What is the name given to the 8 sections of the liver?

Answer 17

Lobule

Question 18

What are lobules composed of?

Answer 18

Hepatocytes
Sinusoidal channels
Blood vessels
Bile canalicul

Question 19

What can the liver do that no other organ can?

Answer 19

Regenerate its own mass

Question 20

Why are colon tumours commonly metastasised in the liver?

Answer 20

Shared blood supply

Question 21

What two vessels supply the liver?

Answer 21

Portal vein

Hepatic artery

Question 22

What percentage of the blood supply comes from the portal vein?

Answer 22

75%

Question 23

What percentage of blood supply comes from the hepatic artery?

Answer 23

25%

Question 24

How does blood drain from the liver?

Answer 24

Via hepatic vein

Question 25

What surrounds the outside of the liver?

Answer 25

The capsule

Question 26

Name four places connective tissue is found in the liver

Answer 26

Capsule Perivascular Portal tract Reticular network

Question 27

Name four extracellular matrix molecules found inside the liver

Answer 27

Collagens Stellate cells Glycoproteins Integrins

Question 28

What two roles does the ECM play

Answer 28

Structure | Communication

Question 29

What is an acinus?

Answer 29

A functional unit centred on a branch of the blood input

Question 30

What is a lobule?

Answer 30

A functional unit centred on the blood drainage

Question 31

What might disrupt lobular architecture?

Answer 31

Fibrosis | Cirrhosis

Question 32

What are hepatocytes?

Answer 32

``` 60-65% of liver cells 80% of liver volume 100 billion cells Polarised polyhedral epithelial cells 20-30micro metres Low mitotic index Main functional cell ```

Question 33

What is between two hepatocytes?

Answer 33

Bile canaliculi

Question 34

Name 5 functions of the hepatocyte

Answer 34

``` Protein secretion Bile secretion Storage Metabolism Detoxification ```

Question 35

What is biliary epithelium?

Answer 35

1-3% of liver tissue Form collecting vessels Polarised columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells Dense basement membrane

Question 36

What are the roles of biliary epithelium?

Answer 36

Transport | Secretion

Question 37

What is endothelium?

Answer 37

Squamous epithelial cells Barrier at the blood stream to stop entry of bacteria and viruses Selective uptake of solutes and particles Regulate coagulation Regulate leukocyte traffic

Question 38

What are the four endothelium of the liver?

Answer 38

Arterial Venous Lymphatic Sinusoidal

Question 39

What are kupffer cells?

Answer 39

``` Hepatic macrophages located within sinusoids 80% of all macrophages in the body Phagocytosis Produce cytokines Present antigens Regulate microcirculation Remove endotoxins ```

Question 40

What are stellate cells?

Answer 40

``` 15% of non hepatocyte cells in the liver Star shaped Store retinoids Regulate vascular diameter Responsible for fibrosis ```

Question 41

What digestive functions does the liver have?

Answer 41

Carbohydrate and fat metabolism | Storage of vitamins and minerals

Question 42

Where is cholesterol synthesised?

Answer 42

In the liver

Question 43

How much bile is made a day?

Answer 43

0.5L

Question 44

How much bile can the gall bladder hold?

Answer 44

100ml

Question 45

What stages turn heme into bilirubin inside the macrophages?

Answer 45

Heme to biliverdin Using heme oxygenase Biliverdin to bilirubin Using biliverdin reductase

Question 46

What colour is biliverdin?

Answer 46

Green

Question 47

What colour is bilirubin?

Answer 47

Orange

Question 48

What is the immune function of the liver?

Answer 48

Protection against pathogens arriving in the blood Phagocytosis of old or dying cells Innate immune functions Induction of tolerance

Question 49

What is the detoxification of the liver?

Answer 49

Foreign compounds are broken down into water soluble products, bile and urine

Question 50

What is phase 1 and 2 metabolism?

Answer 50

1: Oxidation 2: Conjugations

Question 51

What enzymes are used in liver detoxification?

Answer 51

CYPs

Question 52

What are the synthetic functions of the liver?

Answer 52

``` Production of useful proteins Albumin Fibronectin (coagulation) Plasminogen Transferrin Hepcidin Alpha-1 antitrypsin ```