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Digestion and Renal Sciences > Metabolic Fate of Nutrients > Flashcards

Metabolic Fate of Nutrients Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

To develop and maintain a state of health

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2
Q

How many diseases are due to diet?

A

4 out of top 10

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3
Q

What diseases are caused by diet?

A

Heart disease
Some cancers
Stroke
Type 2 diabetes

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4
Q

What is food?

A

Substance when eaten, digested and absorbed provides at least 1 nurtrient

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5
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Substance which is digested and absorbed to promote bodily function

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6
Q

What are the three categories of nutrient?

A

Macromolecules
Micromolecules
Water

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7
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What are micromolecules?

A

Minerals

Vitamins

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9
Q

What is energy released from food used for?

A 
Muscle activity
Secretion by glands
Maintenance of membrane potentials
Synthesis of molecules
Absorption of foods from GIT
Cell division
Thermoregulation
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10
Q

What are the three main processes that require energy?

A

Basal metabolic rate
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity
(other)

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

Number of calories needed at rest for normal bodily function
50-70% daily calories needed

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12
Q

What is the thermic effect of food?

A

Energy required for the digestion and absorption of food

5-10% of energy expenditure

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13
Q

What is physical activity

A

Variable %

Movement of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What are other factors that might require energy?

A 
Temperature changes
Pregnancy
Lactation
Growth 
Age
Health
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15
Q

What is sarcopenia?

A

Loss of muscle mass with aging

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16
Q

What is a typical western diet?

A

10% protein
40% carbohydrate
40% fat

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17
Q

What are the acceptable ranges for macronutrients?

A

10-15% protein
55-75% carbohydrate
15-30% fat

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18
Q

What is the calorie content of glucose?

A

4kcal/g

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19
Q

Why is glucose the preferential source of energy?

A

Readily available primary source of energy for CNS and red blood cells but also used by other tissues

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20
Q

How is glucose stored?

A

As glycogen

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21
Q

How is glycogen produced?

A

Glycogenesis

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22
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver

Muscle

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23
Q

How is glycogen utilised?

A

Glycogenolysis

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24
Q

Where is glucose released from muscle stores of glycogen used?

A

In that muscle

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25
Where is glucose released from liver stores of glycogen used?
All around the body
26
How much ATP can be derived from one mole of glucose?
36
27
What is the calorie content of fat?
9kcal/g
28
What does not use fat?
The central nervous system | Red blood cells
29
What do fats require to be metabolised?
Large amounts of oxygen
30
Are fats soluble in water?
No
31
What are fats used for?
``` Incorporation in body structures Protection of organs Insulation Satiety Fat soluble vitamins Energy tissue ```
32
How much ATP can be extracted from 1 mole of palmitic acid?
130
33
What is the calorie content of protein?
4kcal/g
34
What are proteins used for?
Broken down into amino acids Manufacture new proteins Build new tissue Oxidised to produce energy, urea formed is excreted by kidney
35
What is nitrogen balance?
Balance = N intake - N excreted
36
What is the nitrogen balance in adults?
Equilibrium
37
What does a positive nitrogen balance suggest?
Pregnancy Growth Recovery
38
What does a negative nitrogen balance suggest?
``` Starvation Trauma Infection Sepsis Tissue destruction ```
39
What is dietary fibre?
Non-starch polysaccharides
40
What are the two types of dietary fibre?
Soluble | Insoluble
41
What is insoluble dietary fibre?
Cellulose Wheat Leafy vegetables Pulses
42
What is the role of insoluble dietary fibre?
Provides bulk to the gut to prevent constipation | Reduces dumping syndrome by slowing gastric emptying and retarding glucose absorption
43
What is soluble dietary fibre?
Pectins Plant gums Mucilage
44
What is the role of soluble dietary fibre?
Absorbs water in intestine to soften stool Lowers cholesterol Reduces bowel cancer risk as binds to carcinogens and toxins and fermentation decreases cell proliferation
45
Which vitamins are water soluble?
B complexes | C
46
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A D E K
47
What is the role of water soluble vitamins?
Enzyme cofactors Protein synthesis Antioxidant
48
What is the role of fat soluble vitamins?
``` Development Immune system Vision Antioxidant Immune function Calcium metabolism Blood clotting ```
49
Which vitamins can be stored?
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored and need regular intake Fat soluble vitamins are stored in liver and adipose tissue
50
Which minerals are needed for body health?
``` Fe Ca Mg Mn Na K Zn ```
51
What is rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency Poor mineralisation of bone Deformation of load-bearing bones
52
What is scurvy?
Chronic deficiency of vitamin C Destruction of collagen Damage to myelin Leads to paralysis/death
53
What is pernicious anaemia?
``` Vitamin 12 deficiency Decreased red blood cell count Megaloblasts (large immature red blood cells) Leads to death if not treated Caused by gastrectomy or PPI inhibitors ```
54
What is iron deficiency anaemia?
``` Low haemoglobin Reduced amount of red blood cells Paler red blood cells Leads to fatigue, paler, shortness of breath Treated with iron supplements ```
55
Why is water essential?
``` Prevent dehydration Solvent for most materials Important for metabolism and excretion Thermoregulation Osmoregulation ```
56
What is the equation for regulation of body mass?
Energy intake = energy expended + energy stored | Energy balance = intake - expenditure
57
What is the definition of appetite?
Desire to eat food Felt as hunger Regulates adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs
58
What is the definition of satiety?
Absence of hunger
59
What regulates hunger and satiety?
Brain
60
What part of the brain is responsible for hunger and satiety?
Hypothalamus
61
What is the hunger centre?
Lateral hypothalamus
62
What is the satiety centre?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
63
Explain the glucostatic control of hunger
Decrease in glucose = hungry | Increase in glucose = satiety
64
Explain the adipostatic control of hunger
Increase in fat stored = satiety
65
Which neurotransmitters affect the hypothalamus?
Serotonine | Dopamine
66
What is loss of appetite?
Anorexia
67
What are the physiological causes of anorexia?
``` Anaemia Cancer Intestinal disorders/parasites Liver disorders Malabsorption syndrome Mouth disorders Loss of taste ```
68
What are the psychological causes of anorexia?
Depression Stress Anxiety
69
What are environmental causes of anorexia?
Altitude | Acute cold
70
How is 97% of energy stored?
Adipose tissue
71
What is an advantage of carbohydrates as a fuel source?
More ATP can be generated per unit time
72
Metabolism is a balance of what?
Catabolism | Anabolism
73
What decreases fat metabolism?
Insulin
74
What increases fat metabolism?
Glucagon Adrenaline Glucocorticoids
75
What are innate causes of obesity?
``` Monogenic mutation (leptin) Prader-Willi syndrome ```
76
What are acquired causes of obesity?
``` Overeating Inactivity Aging Stress Drugs ```
77
What are physiological consequences of obesity?
``` Stroke Hypertension Joint damage Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Cancer Fertility problems ```
78
Compare glucose to fructose
Fructose is sweeter than glucose Fructose is more readily converted to triglycerides Fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion Food intake remains high
79
How does insulin affect appetite?
Insulin triggers leptin release which lowers hunger
80
How is obesity treated with drugs?
Sibutramine suppresses appetite Block endocannabinoid system Orlistat inhibits pancreatic lipase
81
How is obesity treated with lifestyle changes?
Exercise | Calorie restricted diet
82
How is obesity treated surgically?
Gastric band | Gastric balloon
83
What is starvation marked by?
Liver synthesis of glucose and ketone bodies Gluconeogenesis Ketogenesis
84
What is the purpose of starvation mechanisms?
To preserve plasma glucose to maintain brain and spinal cord
85
How quickly is blood glucose and stored glycogen exhausted?
24 hours

Digestion and Renal Sciences (27 decks)

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