Function of various regions in the brain

Question 1

Amygdala esp. lateral/basolateral nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 1

Fear conditioning from senses. Sends to central nucleus to respond.

Question 2

Amygdala lesion causes

Answer 2

Urbach-Wiethe disease (impairment of fear)

Question 3

Korsakoff

Answer 3

Lesion of mamillary body and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

Question 4

Hypothalamus and mamillary body

Answer 4

Emotional responses

Question 5

Anterior cingulate gyrus (subgenual sector)

Answer 5

The ability to feel happy, sad.

Question 6

Depression etiology

Answer 6

Impaired anterior cingulate gyrus (subgenual sector)

Question 7

Posterior cingulate gyrus

Answer 7

Increases activity during happiness vs sadness

Question 8

Hypothalamus (emotion)

Answer 8

Increases activity during anger vs fear

Question 9

Episodic memory

Answer 9

medial temporal lobe

Question 10

Semantic memory

Answer 10

Medial temporal lobe

Question 11

Procedural memory

Answer 11

Striatum, cerebellum

Question 12

Operant conditioning A-B-C

Answer 12

Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence

Question 13

Operant conditioning reinforcement

Answer 13

Extinction
Punishment
Positive & negative reinforcement

Question 14

What type of reinforcement is this: You hit a dog to stop them from biting you.

Answer 14

Punishment

Question 15

What type of reinforcement is this: you give a dog a treat to continue licking you.

Answer 15

Positive reinfocement

Question 16

What type of reinforcement is this: You stop giving a dog belly rubs when he bites you.

Answer 16

Extinction

Question 17

What type of reinforcement is this: You stop pulling on your dog’s leash when he stops pulling on it.

Answer 17

Negative reinforcement

Question 18

Papez circuit is…

Answer 18

Emotional modulation + long-term memory formation

Question 19

Papez circuit components

Answer 19

1. Hippocampus X H.Molaison, Khluver-Bucy syndrome
   TRACT: FORNIX
2. Mamillary body X N.A. (fencing accident), Korsakoff’s
   TRACT: MAMILLOTHALAMIC T.
3. Thalamus : anterior nucleus
   TRACT: ANTERIOR LIMB OF INTERNAL CAPSULE (THALAMOCINGULAR FIBERS)
4. Cingulate gyrus
   TRACT: CINGULUM
5. Hippocampus

Question 20

Hippocampus fxn

Answer 20

new longterm memories

Question 21

Schizophrenia has increased __ and decreased __ .

Answer 21

Striatal dopaminergic fxn, prefrontal cholinergic

Question 22

FEF

Answer 22

Commander of horizontal conjugate eye movements (saccade). Only component of the tract that is contralateral.

Question 23

MLF lesion: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia due to stroke, MS

Answer 23

Ipsilateral eye cannot move to desired position. Other eye develops nystagmus due to diplopia and FEF commands.

Adduction impairment of ipsilateral eye.
Abducting nystagmus of contralateral eye.
Preserved convergence.

Question 24

Uncontrolled saccade

Answer 24

Omnipause neuron lesion
@ Dorsal raphe nuclei, responsible for both horizontal and vertical saccades

Question 25

Excitatory burst neuron

Answer 25

Signals to contract lateral rectus. @ PPRF, riMLF

Question 26

Neural integrator

Answer 26

Maintains muscle tone @ interstitial nucleus of Cajal (vertical)

Question 27

Gaze-evoked nystagmus (cannot maintain at full right gaze)

Answer 27

Neural integrator lesion. Lower brainstem lesion, cerebellar lesion, vestibular lesion.

Question 28

PATTERN GENERATOR Vertical gaze center = horizontal gaze center =

Answer 28

Rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF = riMLF PPRF

Question 29

Posterior commisure

Answer 29

Bilateral projection from riMLF to CN III and CN IV nuclei

Question 30

Vertical gaze palsy e.g. parinaud, dorsal midbrain

Answer 30

Pinealoma compressed posterior commissure fibers that control upward gaze but preserved light reflex in convergence (Light-near disassociation, Pseudo Argyll-Robertson pupils) due to preserved supraoculomotor nuclei

Question 31

Superior colliculus

Answer 31

Integration of motor and visual information required for saccade. Can take over after FEF lesion recovery.

Question 32

Smooth prusuit higher centers

Answer 32

FEF, IPS, TEF (temporal eye field)

Question 33

Pattern generator smooth pursuit

Answer 33

Dorsolateral pontine nuclei ipsilateral side --> cerebellum --> vestibular nuclei --> MLF to CN III, IV, VI

Question 34

Supraocolumotor nuclei

Answer 34

Sends accomodation reflex commands to CN III nuclei and EW n.

Question 35

VOR causes the head to move to the __ when the left CNVIII is stimulated

Answer 35

RIGHT Away from excitation

Question 36

The fast phase of nystagmus wants to

Answer 36

Correct to neutral position

Question 37

OKR VS VOR

Answer 37

Optokinetic reflex overrules VOR if the scene is moving. The eyes' slow phase moves following scene, fast phase attempts to correct to neutral position