Functional Anatomy

Question 1

Epimysium

Answer 1

Connective tissue that surrounds the muscle

Question 2

Fascicle

Answer 2

A bundle of muscle fibres

Question 3

Perimysium

Answer 3

Connective tissue that encloses a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle)

Question 4

Muscle Fibre

Answer 4

Muscle Cell

Question 5

Myofibril

Answer 5

Smaller fibres that are found in a muscle fibre: consist of thick and thin myofilaments

Question 6

Sarcomere

Answer 6

Unit of muscle contraction

Question 7

Myofilaments

Answer 7

Thick and thin threads found in myofibril

Question 8

Actin

Answer 8

Thin myofilaments attached to the Z line

Question 9

Myosin

Answer 9

Think myofilaments attached to cross bridges

Question 10

Z-lines

Answer 10

Found at either end of a sarcomere

Question 11

Cross bridges

Answer 11

Tiny projections on myosin filaments that attach to the actin filaments pulling the actin filaments upon contraction

Question 12

H Zone

Answer 12

Space between the actin filaments

Question 13

I Band

Answer 13

The gap between the end of the myosin and the Z line

Question 14

The function of nerves

Answer 14

Send electrical impulses from the brain down the spinal cord to the muscles. Impulses cause the muscle to contract.

Question 15

Function of the Spinal Cord

Answer 15

Part of the CNS, relays information from the brain to the body and from the body to the brain. Uses reflex arc to prevent injury.

Question 16

The function of the motor unit

Answer 16

Refers to muscle fibres which are influenced by each nerve

Question 17

Function of Dendrites

Answer 17

Receive signals/information from the CNS

Question 18

Function of the Axon

Answer 18

Long part of the nerve tending from nerve body where information is transmitted to target cells. Carries impulses away from the cell body.

Question 19

The Function of Neurons

Answer 19

A nerve cell. Consists of a cell body, dendrites, an axon, passing an electrical impulse from one cell to another

Question 20

The Function of Myoglobin

Answer 20

Transfers oxygen to the muscles

Question 21

The 6 Steps of the Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 21

1. The influx of calcium, triggering the exposure of the binding sites on the actin.
2. The binding of myosin to actin. Myosin is in a ‘high-energy’ state when grabbing the actin.
3. The power stroke of the cross bridge that causes the sliding of the thin filaments.
4. The binding of ATP to the cross bridge, which results in the cross bridge disconnecting from the actin. The myosin head is in a ‘low-energy’ state.
5. The hydrolysis of ATP, which leads to the RE-energising and repositioning of the cross bridge. Myosin is back in its ‘high-energy’ state.
6. The transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 22

Force-Velocity Relationship Concentric Contraction

Answer 22

Force decreased/velocity increased

Question 23

Force-Velocity Relationship Eccentric Contraction

Answer 23

Force increased/velocity decreased

Question 24

Force-Velocity Relationship Isometric Contraction

Answer 24

Force = 0

Question 25

Force-Velocity Relationship

Answer 25

An increase in force causes a decrease in velocity and vice versa. Trade-off occurs due to a decrease in time available for cross bridges to be formed. The more time = more cross bridges formed = a greater contractile force. Slower velocity allows more force to generate. Higher velocity exercises produce lower force.

Question 26

Force-Length Relationship

Answer 26

Muscles contract most effectively when the muscle pair is in balance and it is in the midrange of the joint it flexes.

Question 27

Force-Length Relationship Shortened Muscle

Answer 27

If muscle tries to contract when shortened it will pull against elongated opposing muscle. It applies an elastic counterforce the contracting muscle must overcome.

Question 28

Force-Length Relationship Bicep Muscle

Answer 28

When fully extended, there are few cross bridge attachments and little force is produced. When bicep is fully flexed, sarcomeres are fully contracted and cannot pull any closer lacking force. 120 degrees is where the bicep has the most cross bridge attachment points and can create the most force.

Question 29

Contraction Time of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 29

1: Slow 2A: Fast 2B: Very Fast

Question 30

Size of Motor Neuron of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 30

1. Small 2A. Large 2B. Very Large

Question 31

Resistance to Fatigue of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 31

1. High 2A. Intermediate 2B. Low

Question 32

Activity Used For of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 32

1. Aerobic 2A. Long Term Anaerobic 2B. Short Term Anaerobic

Question 33

Force Production of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 33

1. Low 2A. High 2B. Very High

Question 34

Mitochondrial Density of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 34

1. High 2A. High 2B. Low

Question 35

Capillary Density of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 35

1. High 2A. Intermediate 2B. Low

Question 36

Oxidative Capacity of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 36

1. High 2A. High 2B. Low

Question 37

Glycolytic Capacity of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 37

1. Low 2A. High 2B. High

Question 38

Major Storage Fuel of Type 1, Type 2A and Type 2B Fibres

Answer 38

1. Triglycerides 2A. CP, Glycogen 2B. CP, Glycogen

Question 39

Mitochondrial Density Definition

Answer 39

Ability to convert energy into ATP

Question 40

Oxidative Capacity Definition

Answer 40

The capacity of a muscle to use oxygen

Question 41

Glycolytic Capacity Definition

Answer 41

Ability to produce ATP with little oxygen. A measure of how glycogen is converted to ATP