Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two characteristics of a prokaryote?
A
DNA not enclosed in a membrane (one circular chromosome) and no membrane bound organelles
2
Q
What are the two characteristics of a eukaryote?
A
DNA is enclosed in a membrane (multiple chromosomes) and membrane bound organelles
3
Q
What are the four shapes of prokaryotes?
A
Cocci (round) , Bacillus (rod), Spiral (vibrio, spirillium and spirochete) and pleomorphic
4
Q
What is diplococci?
A
pair of cocci
5
Q
What is streptococcus?
A
chain of cocci
6
Q
What is a tetrad?
A
cluster of 4 cocci
7
Q
What is a sarcina?
A
cubical packet of 8 cocci
8
Q
What is staphylococcus?
A
grape-like bunches
9
Q
What is diplobacillus?
A
pair of bacilli
10
Q
What is Streptobacillus?
A
chain of bacilli
11
Q
What is Pallisades?
A
bacilli connected in parallel with each other
12
Q
What are the 5 external appendages of a prokaryote?
A
Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae and pili
13
Q
What is the glycocalyx?
A
layer of material covering the cells
14
Q
What are the two types of glycocalx?
A
Capsule and slime layer
15
Q
How is a capsule attached?
A
organized and firmed attached
16
Q
How is the slime layer attached?
A
unorganized and loosely attached
17
Q
What is the glycocalyx composed of?
A
polysaccharides and glycoproteins (Some polypeptides)
18
Q
What are the four functions of the glycocalyx?
A
adhesion to surfaces, osmotic barriers, protect bacteria from phagocytosis and storage or nutrients
19
Q
What is flagella?
A
long filamentous appendages that rotate to propel bacteria
20
Q
What are flagella composed of?
A
filament, hook, basal body
21
Q
What is a filament?
A
flagellin protein arranged in helix
22
Q
What does a basal body do?
A
anchors flagella to the cell
23
Q
What is the function of flagella?
A
motility and taxis
24
Q
What does monotrichous mean?
A
one flagellum
25
What does Lophotrichous mean?
several flagella at one pole
26
What does Amphitrichous mean?
flagella at both poles
27
What does Peritrichous mean?
flagella all over the cell
28
What does Taxis mean?
moving toward or away from a substance
29
What does it mean when the flagella spin counterclockwise?
they are running (moving forward)
30
What does it mean when the flagella spin clockwise?
it is tumbling (cell changes direction)
31
Attractants cause flagella to spin ____.
counterclockwise
32
Repellants cause flagella to spin ____.
clockwise
33
What are axial filaments?
bundles of fibrils that wrap around the cell wall of spirochetes
34
What is the function of axial filaments?
corkscrew motion motility
35
What are fimbriae?
several short hair-like projections
36
What is the function of fimbriae?
surface adhesion
37
What are pili?
one or two longer hair-like projections
38
What are the two functions of pili?
motility and sexual-conjugation
39
What is sexual conjugation?
pili forms tubes for transferring genetic material
40
What are cell walls composed of?
peptidoglycan
41
What is peptidoglycan composed of?
Disaccharides (NAG and NAM)
42
What are the sheets of peptidoglycan linked by?
polypeptides
43
What are the three functions of the cell wall?
maintains shape of cell, physical protection and enables cell to escape rupture in hypotonic environments
44
What are the two characteristics of a Gram (+) cell wall?
many layers of peptidoglycan and techoic acid is present
45
What is techoic acid composed of?
alcohol and phosphate
46
What are the two types of teichoic acid?
Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid
47
What does lipoteichoic acid do?
links to plasma membrane
48
What does wall teichoic acid link to?
peptidoglycan
49
What do the antigenic properties of bacteria cell walls do?
elicit an immune response
50
What is the cell wall of a Gram (-) bacteria like?
Few layers of peptidoglycan (in periplasm) and no teichoic acid
51
What does the outer membrane of a Gram (-) cell like?
protection of antibiotics and phagocytes; contains lipopolysaccharides
52
What three things are found in lipopolysaccharides?
Lipid A, Core Polysaccharides and O Polysaccharides
53
Where is Lipid A found?
embedded in outer membrane
54
What is the function of Core polysaccharides?
structural stability
55
What is the function of O polysaccharides?
antigenic
56
What is the periplasm?
the space between two membranes
57
What are the two types of Atypical Cell Walls?
Acid-fast Bacteria and Mycoplasmas
58
What do acid-fast bacteria contain in their cell wall?
mycolic acid
59
What is mycolic acid like?
a waxy lipid
60
What does mycolic acid prevent?
dessication and digestion from phagocytes
61
What are two examples of acid-fast bacteria?
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
62
What do mycoplasmas lack?
cell walls
63
What do mycoplasmas contain in their membrane?
cholestrol
64
What is an exmaple of a mycoplasma?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
65
What are the three characteristics of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer, contains proteins and dynamic
66
What are the names of the two proteins found in the plasma membrane?
peripheral and Integral
67
Were are peripheral proteins found?
inner or outer surface of membrane
68
Where are integral proteins found?
embedded in membrane
69
What does transmembrane mean?
penetrate membrane completely
70
What are the two functions of the plasma membrane?
Selective permeability and enzymes for ATP production
71
What is selective permeability?
regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell
72
What is simple diffusion?
movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration
73
What is facilitated diffusion?
transporter protein facilitates movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration
74
What is Active transport?
transporter protein and ATP required to move solutes from low concentration to high concentration
75
What is osmosis?
movement of water across semipermeable membrane from high concentration to low concentrations of water
76
What is a hypotonic solution?
the concentration outside of the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell
77
What is an isotonic solution?
Concentration outside of the cell is equal to the concentration inside of the cell
78
What is a hypertonic solution?
the concentration outside of the cell is greater than the concentration inside of the cell
79
What are the 6 internal structures of a cell?
1. cytoplasm 2. nucleoid 3. ribosomes 4. plasmids 5. inclusions 6. endospores
80
What is the cytoplasm?
viscous semi-fluid substance of the cell
81
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
site of enzymatic reactions
82
What is a nucleoid?
single chromosome, circular dsDNA; contains genetic information for cell structures and functions
83
What are ribosomes?
granules scattered throughout cytoplasm
84
What is the structure of ribosomes?
protein and rRNA subunits
85
What are the sizes of subunits?
small subunit (30s); large subunit (50s)
86
What is the function of ribosomes?
assemble amino acids into polypeptides
87
What are plasmids?
self replication small circular dsDNA
88
What are the two functions of plasmids?
1. antibiotic resistance 2. carry additional genes
89
What are cytoplasmic inclusions?
accumulated stored materials
90
What are metachromatic reserves?
phosphate reserves
91
What are polysaccharide granules?
energy reserves
92
What are lipid inclusions?
energy reserves
93
What are sulfur granules?
energy reserves
94
What is the function of gas vacuoles?
maintain buoyancy
95
What are magnetosomes?
orient bacteria, hydrogen peroxide protection
96
What are endospores?
highly resistant dormant structure produced by certain bacteria
97
What is the structure of endospores?
1. thick peptidoglycan between TWO membranes 2. spore coat cover containing keratin
98
What two Genuses are involved with endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
99
When are endospores formed?
During times of low nutrients and harsh environments
100
What are endospores resistant to?
heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, UV and radiation
101
What is the process of sporulation?
1. spore septum forms, isolating DNA and small amount of cytoplasm 2. Plasma membrane engulfs isolated DNA and cytoplasm forming a foreshore 3. Peptidoglycan forms between two membranes 4. keratin spore coat forms 5]. endospore is released
102
What does germination require?
water, nutrients
103
What is the process of germination?
1. free spore absorbs water 2. metabolism resumes 3. free spore swells, ruptures and releases one vegetative body
104
What are the four parts of the cell structure in eukaryotes?
1. external appendages 2. cell wall 3. plasma membrane 4. internal structures
105
What are the two external appendages found in eukaryotes?
flagella and cilia
106
Flagella are ____ while cilia are ____.
long,short
107
What are flagella and cilia composed of?
microtubules made of tubulin protein
108
How do flagella and cilia move?
in a wave- like manner
109
What are the functions of flagella and cilia?
motility and move substances along surface of cell (cilia)
110
What is the cell wall of algae made of?
cellulose
111
What is the cell wall of fungi made of?
chitin
112
What is the cell wall of protozoa and helminths made of?
lack cell wall
113
What are the two characteristics of the plasma membrane in eukaryotes?
1. similar to prokaryotes 2. differs i types of proteins found on membrane
114
What are the two types of endocytosis?
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
115
What is phagocytosis?
"cell eating". projects pseudopods, engulfs particles
116
What is pinocytosis?
"cell drinking". folds inward, bring in fluid
117
What is exocytosis?
vacuoles fuse with plasma membrane to expel
118
What are the three internal structures found in eukaryotes?
cytoplasm, ribosomes and membrane-bound organelles
119
What are the two parts of the cytoplasm?
cytosol and cytoskeleton
120
What is cytosol?
fluid portion
121
What is cytoskeleton?
proteins that support shape and assist in substances through the cell
122
What are the three types of cytoskeleton?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
123
What are ribosomes?
granules scattered free in cytoplasm, or on surface of ER
124
What is the structure of ribosomes?
protein and rRNA subunits
125
What are the rRNA subunits of ribosomes?
small subunits (40s), large subunits (60s)
126
What is the function of ribosomes?
assemble amino acids into polypeptides
127
What are membrane-bound organelles?
specialized structures that perform specific functions; contained in a membrane
128
What are the seven membrane bound organelles?
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex,, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes
129
What is the structure of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope: two lipid bilayers with pores, round or oval
130
What two structures are found in the nucleus?
nucleolus and chromosomes
131
What is the nucleolus?
condensed region of DNA ---> rRNA synthesis
132
What are chromosomes?
DNA wrapped around histone proteins, supercoiled
133
What is the structure of endoplasmic reticulum?
network of cisternae
134
What are cisternae?
flattened membranous sacs
135
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
136
What does rough er have that smooth er lacks?
ribosomes
137
What is the function of rough er?
synthesize secretory and membrane proteins
138
What is the function of smooth er?
synthesize lipids, detoxification
139
What is the structure of the golgi complex?
cisternae stacked on one another
140
What is the function of the golgi complex?
receive and modify proteins from the ER
141
What is the store of lysosomes?
membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes
142
What are the three functions of lysosomes?
digesting phagocytize materials, recycling cells organic materials, apoptosis
143
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
144
What is the structure of mitochondria?
rod shaped, double membrane (inner and outer), inner membrane contains folds called cristae, contains its own 70s ribosomes and DNA
145
What is the function of mitochondria?
cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
146
Where are chloroplasts found?
algae and plants
147
What is the structure of chloroplasts?
double membrane, grana, contains its own 70s ribosomes and DNA
148
What is grana?
stacks of thylakoids
149
What are thylakoids?
flattened membrane sacs containing chlorophyll
150
What is the function of chloroplasts?
photosynthesis ---> glucose synthesis
151
What is the structure of peroxisomes?
small membrane bound sacs containing catalase
152
What is the function of peroxisomes?
decomposes toxic hydrogen peroxide
153
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living inside other prokaryotes
154
What is the evidence of endosymbiosis theory?
mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes, 70s ribosomes and separate self-replicating DNA
