Introduction to Microbiology, History Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What is Microbiology?
A
The study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
2
Q
What are the three reasons to study microbiology?
A
- Ubiquitos 2. Harmful effects 3. Beneficial effects
3
Q
What does ubiquitous mean in terms of microbio?
A
The microorganisms are found everywhere
4
Q
What are the three beneficial effects of Microbiology?
A
Maintain ecological balance, aid in human digestion and vitamin synthesis, and commercial applications
5
Q
What are the 3 ways microorganisms maintain ecological balance?
A
- basis of food chain 2. photosynthesis, provide oxygen 3. Decomposers, recycle nutrients
6
Q
What are the four ways microorganisms are used in commercial applications?
A
- food and beverage 2. antibiotics 3. vaccines 4. genetic engineering
7
Q
What are examples of how microorganisms are used in food and beverage production?
A
pickles, sauerkraut, soy sauce, yogurt, bread, alcohol
8
Q
What are the three reasons microorganisms can be harmful?
A
Pathogenic, food spoilage, breakdown/ damage useful materials.
9
Q
What is nomenclature?
A
The naming of organisms
10
Q
Who established the nomenclature for microorganisms and in what year?
A
Carolus Linnaeus, 1735
11
Q
How are microorganisms named?
A
Binomial. first word is the genus Capitalized and underlined and second word is the scientific epithet which is lower case and underlined
12
Q
What are the three types of microorganisms?
A
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Acellular forms
13
Q
What do prokaryotes lack?
A
a nucleus
14
Q
What are bacteria and arches classified as?
A
prokaryotes
15
Q
What is the structure of bacteria?
A
Unicellular, prokaryote (lacks a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
16
Q
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
A
Cocci, Bacillus, and Spiral
17
Q
What shape is cocci?
A
Circular shaped
18
Q
What shape is bacillus?
A
rods
19
Q
What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?
A
peptidoglycan
20
Q
How do bacteria reproduce?
A
binary fission
21
Q
What is binary fission?
A
dividing into two equal cells
22
Q
What are the three ways bacteria get nutrition?
A
Heterotrophic, autotrophic and saprophytic
23
Q
What does the heterotrophic way of getting nutrition require?
A
organic carbon source (most)
24
Q
What does the saprocryptic way of getting nutrients require?
A
it uses dead, organic matter
25
What is the size of bacteria?
micrometers
26
What does the autotrophic way of getting nutrients require?
carbon dioxide (some)
27
What is the structure of archaea?
unicellular, prokaryote and the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
28
What are the three main groups of archaea?
Methanogens, extreme thermophiles, extreme halophiles
29
What waste product is created from methanogens?
methane
30
Where do extreme halophiles live?
Extremely salty conditions
31
Where do extreme thermophiles live?
Extremely hot environments
32
How do archaea get nutrients?
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
33
What size are archaea?
micrometers
34
What is an example of archaea?
Halobacterium salinarum
35
What are the four eukaryotes?
fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths
36
Is yeast unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
37
Is mold unicellular or multicellular?
multicellular
38
What is the cell wall of fungi made of?
chitin
39
What is the shape of yeast?
ovoid
40
What is the shape of mold?
filaments hyphae
41
How do fungi reproduce?
asexually or sexually
42
How does fungus get nutrition?
heterotrophic
43
What is the size of fungi?
micrometers to millimeters
44
What are two examples of fungi?
Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans
45
What is the structure of Algae?
unicellular or mulitcellular, eukaryote
46
What kind of microorganism is yeast?
eukaryote
47
What is the cell wall of algae made of?
cellulose
48
What additional structure is found in algae? What is it for?
chloroplasts for photosynthesis
49
How does algae reproduce?
asexually or sexually
50
How does algae get nutrition?
Autotrophic and photoautotrophic
51
What does photoautotrophic nutrition require?
light, water and carbon dioxide
52
What is the size range of algae?
micrometers to millimeters
53
What is an example of algae?
Volvox aureus
54
What is the structure of protozoa?
Unicellular, eukaryote
55
What is the cell wall of protozoa made of?
There is no cell wall
56
What additional structures are found on protozoa?
pseudopods, flagella or cilia for motility
57
How do protozoa reproduce?
asexually or sexually
58
How do protozoa get nutrition?
Heterotrophic
59
What size are protozoa?
micrometers
60
What are two examples of protozoa?
Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium falciparum
61
What is the structure of Helminths?
Mulitcellular (round and flat worms), eukaryote
62
What is the cell wall of helminths?
They do not have a cell wall
63
How do helminths reproduce?
Asexual and sexual
64
What does dioecious mean?
Male/ female reproduction
65
What does hermaphroditic mean?
something has both male and female parts
66
How do helminths get nutrition?
Heterotrophic
67
What is the size of helminths?
macroscopic, microscopic at certain stages of life
68
What are two examples of helminths?
Taenia sodium, Etnerobius vermicularis
69
What are the three acellular forms?
Viruses, viroids and prions
70
What is the structure of viruses?
acellular, Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA), capsid (protein coat), envelope: outer membrane (some)
71
How do viruses reproduce?
obligate intracellular parasites
72
What is the size of viruses?
nanometers
73
What are 3 examples of viruses?
HIV, Herpes, Influenza B
74
What is the structure of viroids?
Acellular, linear or circular RNA, no capsid
75
What is the size of viroids?
10x smaller than the smallest virus
76
What is an example of a viroid?
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd)
77
What is the structure of prions?
acecullar, self-replicating infectious protein
78
What is the size of prions?
100x smaller than the smallest virus
79
What are two examples of diseases caused by prions?
CJD, mad cow disease
80
What is taxonomy?
system for naming, organizing and classifying living things
81
How are organisms named?
identify, classify and then name
82
How are organisms classified?
type of cell structure, type of nutrition and similarity in nucleic acids
83
Who made the Three Domain System of Classification and what year?
Carl Woese 1978
84
What are the Three Domain System of Classification categories?
domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya
85
What are domain bacteria?
Prokaryotes with cell walls containing peptidoglycan
86
What are domain archaea?
Prokaryotes with cell walls lacking peptidoglycan
87
What are the four types of domain eukarya?
Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
88
What are the three examples of protists?
slime molds, protozoa, algae
89
What are the three examples of fungi?
yeasts, molds, mushrooms
90
What are the four examples of plants?
mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants
91
What are the 4 examples of animals?
sponges, worms, insects and vertebrates
92
Who invented the compound microscope and in what year?
Zaccharias Janssen - 1590
93
Who popularized the compound microscope and improved it by adding a focusing device and in what year?
Galileo Galilei - 1620
94
What did Robert Hook do in 1665?
Improved resolution (clarity) and illumination (invents condenser). Observes "cells" in cork sample, reports that life smallest structures were cells. started the beginning of cell theory
95
What is cell theory?
1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cells come from preexisting cells
96
What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do in 1673?
Observed live microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa). Reported findings to Royal Society of London. Called his findings animalcules
97
What is Spontaneous Generation?
life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
98
What is Biogenesis?
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
99
What did Francisco Redi do in 1668?
He demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from meat.
100
What was Fransisco Redi's Experiment 1?
He filled two jars with decaying meat. One was open and one was sealed. The opened one had maggots the closed one did not.
101
What was the argument after Fransisco Redi's Experiment 1?
Air is required for spontaneous generation
102
What was Fransisco Redi's Experiment 2?
He filled two jars with decaying meat and covered one of them with cause. The one without gauze had maggots and the one with gauze did not.
103
What was the argument after Fransisco Redi's Experiment 2?
"Animalcules" still simple enough to arise from spontaneous generation
104
What did John Needham do in 1745?
He provided evidence of spontaneous generation
105
What was John Needham's experiment?
He boiled chicken and corn broth, poured it into a covered flask and microorganisms appeared
106
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani suggest about John Needham's experiment?
He suggested that microbes entered Needham's broth after boiling
107
What was Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment?
He put nutrient rich broth in a flask, heated it and then sealed it. No microorganisms appeared.
108
What was the argument against Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment?
"Vital Force" for spontaneous generation was destroyed by the head and kept out by the seal .There was not enough oxygen to support microbial life.
109
What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate in 1861?
microorganisms are present in the air
110
What was Louis Pasteur's experiment 1?
He filled two flasks with nutrient rich broth. One was sealed, one was not, they were both heated. The flask left open had microbes, the one sealed did not
111
What did Louis Pasteur reason after experiment 1?
microbes were in the air, but needed a way to let air in and microbes out
112
What was Louis Pasteur's experiment 2?
He filled a long neck tube with nutrient broth and covered it to an S shaped tube. He heated it and there was no growth
113
What did Louis Pasteur's experiments show?
It disproved spontaneous generation and showed that microbial life can be destroyed by heat
114
When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?
1857-1914
115
Why was this the Golden Age of Microbiology?
There were rapid advancements in relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.
116
Who was asked to study why wine spoils?
Louis Pasteur
117
What is the process of fermentation?
Yeast can convert sugar in absence of air to ethanol and CO2 and Bacteria can convert sugar in presence of air to acids and CO2
118
What was the solution to the fermentation of wine?
pasteurization- heat the wine and then add yeast
119
What did the idea of microbes spoiling wine help establish ?
The germ theory of disease
120
What are the 5 early theories of disease?
1. supernatural forces 2. curses 3. Astronomical events (influences of seasons) 4. Imbalances of body humors 5. Miasmas: foul odor
121
What are the two parts of the Germ Theory of Disease?
1. Infectious disease are caused by living microorganisms 2. A specific organism causes a specific disease
122
Who were the contributors to the Germ Theory of Disease?
Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch
123
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?
A physician advocating for hand washing
124
What did Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrate?
Physicians that didn't routinely wash hands could transmit infections
125
What is Joseph Lister known for?
Antiseptics: He began treating surgical wounds with phenol which reduced incidence of infection and death.
126
What did Robert Koch show proof of?
bacteria causes disease
127
What was Robert Koch looking for?
The causative agent of anthrax
128
How did Robert Koch look for the causative agent of anthrax?
1. discovered rod bacteria in blood of infected dead cattle 2. cultured bacteria on nutrient medium 3. injected healthy animals they become sick 4. isolate bacteria from animal and compared it to original bacteria
129
What is Koch's postulate?
a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
130
What are the four steps of Koch's postulate?
1. microbe must be in all affected animals, not in healthy ones 2. must be isolated and cultured in a lab 3. injected into healthy animal and cause disease 4. re-isolated and shown to be the same microbe
131
Who are the two contributors to vaccination?
Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur
132
What vaccination is Edward Jenner known for and what did he notice in milkmaids?
small pox vaccination; he noticed no small pox in milkmaids with cowpox
133
What was Edward Jenner's experiment with small pox vaccination?
1. collected scrapings from cow pox blisters, inoculate into the 8 year old volunteer 2. became mildly sick, but recovered 3. injected volunteer with small pox and could not contract
134
What did Louis Pasteur discover in 1880?
how vaccines work
135
How did Louis Pasteur discover how vaccines work?
He was working with bacteria that causes cholera and noticed when cultured in lab over long periods of time it loses it's virulence; attenuated bacteria is still able to produce immunity against specific disease
136
When was the rabies virus found?
1885
137
What is chemotherapy?
a chemical treatment
138
Who are the two contributors to chemotherapy?
Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming
139
What did Paul Ehrlich notice?
He was working with staining microbes and noticed that some stains were taken up by microbes and not human tissue
140
What did Paul Ehrlich speculate and what was it?
Magic bullet: could destroy pathogen without harming the infected individual
141
What did Paul Ehrlich discover?
Salvarsan
142
What is salvarsan?
arsenic derivative against syphilis
143
What did Alexander Fleming discover?
The first antibiotic
144
What did the first antibiotic work with?
Staphylococcus aureus
145
What happened to Alexander Fleming's culture of Staphylococcus aureus?
It was contaminated by old (Penicillium notatum) and noticed a zone of inhibition around the mold caused by the antibiotic
146
What is bacteriology?
the study of bacteria
147
What is mycology?
study of fungi
148
What is parasitology?
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
149
What is virology?
study of viruses
150
What is immunology?
The study of immunity
151
What is Microbial Genetics?
the study of how microbes inherit traits
152
What is Molecular Biology?
study of how information in DNA directs protein synthesis
