Functional Anatomy Week 4 - the foot and the ankle

Question 1

Functions of the foot

Answer 1

Base of support
Adapt to uneven surfaces
Shock absorber
Provide propulsion

Question 2

3 main arches on the foot

Answer 2

Medial arch
Lateral arch
Anterior transverse arch

Question 3

What is the plantar arch

Answer 3

Area supported by 3 arches
Contacts the ground at 3 points
Head metatarsal I (medial side)
Head metatarsal V (lateral side)
Calcaneal tuberosity

Question 4

The medial arch

Answer 4

The highest arch
No contact with the ground
Made up of 5 bones

Question 5

5 bones that make up the medial arch

Answer 5

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Metatarsal I

Question 6

Lateral arch

Answer 6

Flatter than the medial arch
In contact with the ground

Question 7

3 bones that make up the lateral arch

Answer 7

Calcaneus
Cuboid
Metatarsal V

Question 8

Anterior transverse arch

Answer 8

Relatively flat
Contacts ground
Formed by heads of the 5 metatarsals

Question 9

Plantar fascia

Answer 9

Provides stabilisation
Extends from the calcaneus to the metatarsal heads
Strong layer of thick, fibrous tissue
It is an aponeurosis

Question 10

Phases of walking

Answer 10

Heel strike
Stance phase
Heel off
Toe off

Question 11

What happens to the arches during the heel strike?
What bone is the weight on?

Answer 11

The arches are raised
Calcaneus

Question 12

What happens to the plantar tighteners during hell off?

Answer 12

They contract further to the foot is now a rigid lever

Question 13

What happens during toe off?

Answer 13

As your big toe extends, it tightens the plantar fascia, reinforcing the medial arch - ‘Windlass mechanism’

Question 14

Inversion and eversion
What is special about it?

Answer 14

Inversion - sole of foot faces inwards
Eversion - sole of foot faces outwards
The foot moves in 3 planes to creare this movement

Question 15

3 movements that make up inversion

Answer 15

Plantar-flexion
Adduction
Supination

Question 16

3 movements that make up eversion

Answer 16

Dorsiflexion
Abduction
Pronation

Question 17

Movements at the hindfoot happen at the ____

Answer 17

subtalar joint

Question 18

Movements at the forefoot happen at the ____

Answer 18

Midtarsal joint

Question 19

During supernation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the forefoot do

Answer 19

Adduction
Pronates
Plantarflexes

Question 20

During supernation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the hindfoot do

Answer 20

Abducts
Supinates
Dorsiflexes

Question 21

During pronation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the forefoot do

Answer 21

Abduction
Supernation
Dorsiflexes

Question 22

During pronation when the foot is on the floor, what movements does the hindfoot do

Answer 22

Adduction
Pronation
Plantarflexion

Question 23

Lower leg anterior compartment muscles

Answer 23

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus/ fibularis tertius

Question 24

Origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis longus

Answer 24

Interosseous membrane –> base of the distal phalanx of big toe

Question 25

Origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus

Answer 25

Lateral tibial condyle, proximal half of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane --> distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Question 26

Origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior

Answer 26

Lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane --> medial cuneiform bone, base of metatasal bone 1

Question 27

Lower leg posterior compartment muscles: Deep

Answer 27

Popliteus, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus

Question 28

Origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior

Answer 28

Posterior surface of tibia, posteior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane --> navicular, all cuneiform bones, cuboid, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4

Question 29

Origin and insertion of flexor hallucis longus

Answer 29

Fibula --> distal phalanx of big toe

Question 30

Origin and insertion of flexor digitorum longus

Answer 30

Posterior surface of tibia --> bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Question 31

Lower leg posterior compartment muscles: Superficial

Answer 31

Gastrocnemius, soleus & plantaris (Triceps surae collectively)

Question 32

Origin and insertion of the soleus

Answer 32

Medial border of tibia, head of fibula, posterior border of fibula --> calcaneal tendon

Question 33

Origin and insertion of the medial and lateral gastocnemius

Answer 33

Medial/lateral condyle of femur --> calcaneal tendon

Question 34

Origin and insertion of the plantaris

Answer 34

Lateral supracondylar line of femur --> calcaneal tendon

Question 35

Muscles that make up the lateral lower leg compartment

Answer 35

Fibularis Brevis and Fibularis Longus

Question 36

Origin and insertion lf the fibularis brevis

Answer 36

Lower half of fibula --> base of metataral 5

Question 37

Origin and insertion lf the fibularis longus

Answer 37

Head of fibula --> base of metatarsal 1 and medial cuneiform

Question 38

Muscles that make up the dorsal intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 38

Extensor hallucis brevis, extensor digitorum, dorsal interossei

Question 39

Origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum muscle

Answer 39

Calcaneus --> proximal phalanx of middle 3 toes

Question 40

Origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle

Answer 40

Calcaneus --> proximal phalanx of big toe

Question 41

Origin and insertion of the dorsal interossei What are they responsible for

Answer 41

Metatarsal --> proximal phalanges Responsible for abduction

Question 42

Muscles that make up the 1st layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 42

Abductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis

Question 43

Origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 43

Calcaneus --> middle phalanx of toes 2-5

Question 44

Origin and insertion of abductor digiti minimi

Answer 44

Calcaneus --> proximal phalanx of little toe

Question 45

Origin and insertion of abductor hallucis

Answer 45

Calcaneus --> proximal phalanx of big toe

Question 46

Muscles that make up the 2nd layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 46

Quadratus plantae, lumbricals

Question 47

Origin and insertion of quadratus plantae

Answer 47

Calcaneus --> tendon of flexor digitorum longus

Question 48

Origin and insertion of the lumbricals

Answer 48

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus --> extensor expansion

Question 49

Muscles that make up the 3rd layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 49

Flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digiti minimi, adductor hallucis

Question 50

Muscle that make up the 4th layer of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 50

Plantar interossei