Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Deck (46)
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1
Q

What is the primary role of the diet?

A

To provide sufficient nutrients and meet one’s nutritional requirements.

2
Q

How is basica nutrition different from functional foods?

A

It concentrates on nutrients for normal growth and development and is just used for basic nutrients and energy.

3
Q

How are functional foods different than basic nutrition?

A

Functional foods focus on bioactive compounds such as phytochemicals in addition to basic nutrition. They are used for additional health benefits and disease prevention.

4
Q

What is a functional food?

A

Similar to a conventional food with physiological benefits and/or the ability to reduce risk of chronic disease. Goes beyond basic nutritional functions and contains bioactive compounds.

5
Q

What are bioactive compounds?

A

Naturally occurring chemical compounds contained in, or derived from, a plant, animal, or marine source, that exerts a desired health/wellness benefit.

6
Q

What is a nutraceutical?

A

A product which is isolated or purified from foods and sold in its medicinal form.

7
Q

How are nutraceuticals different from pharmaceuticals?

A

They are demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or protect against disease rather than being treatment fro a disease.

8
Q

Compare functional foods and nutraceuticals.

A

Functional foods are conventional with bioactive compounds whereas nutraceuticals are isolated from food and contain those bioactive compounds (like omega-3 fatty acid pills).

9
Q

What components of milk make it a functional food?

A

Conjugated linoleic acid, sphingomyelin/ceramide, butyric acid, calcium-high bioavailability, bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides, and lactoferrin

10
Q

What are functional properties of conjugated linoleic acid?

A

poten anticarcinogen

11
Q

What are functional properties of sphingomyelin/ceramide?

A

potent anticarcinogen, improves cell membrane functionality, used to treat psoriasis

12
Q

What are functional properties of butyric acid?

A

anti-microbial

13
Q

What are functional properties of calcium?

A

prevent osteoporosis

14
Q

What are functional properties of bioactive peptides?

A

antioxidants and antihypertension

15
Q

What are functional properties of olgiosaccharides?

A

Act as prebiotics

16
Q

What are functional properties of lactoferrin?

A

Antimicrobial

17
Q

What is the functional component of carrots?

A

Bioactive beta-carotene

18
Q

What are 3 ways to classify functional foods?

A
  1. Basic Foods
  2. Processed Food with Additives
  3. Foods enhanced to have more of a functional component
19
Q

What are basic foods?

A

Food with a natural level of functional properties.

20
Q

What are processed foods with additives?

A

Normal foods with added ingredients to be more healthful.

21
Q

What are foods enhanced to have a more functional component?

A

Foods that are genetically engineered or bred to contain a higher functional component.

22
Q

What categories are there of bioactive components?

A
  1. Bioactive carbohydrates
  2. Bioactive lipids
  3. Bioactive peptides
  4. Bioactive polyphenols
  5. Bioactive carotenoids
23
Q

What are examples of bioactive carbohydrates?

A

soluble and insoluble fibre, resistant starch, and prebiotics

24
Q

What are examples of bioactive lipids?

A

short chain fatty acids, omega-3 PUFA, and CLAs

25
Q

What are examples of bioactive polyphenols?

A

flavonoids and phenolic acids as well as phytosterols

26
Q

What are examples of bioactive carotenoids?

A

beta-carotene and lycopene

27
Q

What is the most imporant structural feature of bioactive carbohydrates?

A

Their resistance to digestion in the upper tract of the GIT. Because they are not digested tehy become food for micro flora in the colon and turn into bioactive compounds. This is also used to fuel beneficial bacteria.

28
Q

Why is soluble fibre beneficial?

A

They mix well with water and form highly hydrated masses that are fermented in the colon by microorganisms. They increase bacteria growth and decrease stool weight.

29
Q

Why is insoluble fibre beneficial?

A

Because they are undigested by upper GIT but are fermented by colonic microorganisms to from short chain FAs with health benefits.

30
Q

What are some types of soluble fibre?

A

pectin, guar gum, beta-glucan

31
Q

What are some types of insoluble fibre?

A

cellulose, wheat bran, etc.

32
Q

What are resistant starches?

A

Starch molecules that contribute fewer calories than regular starch molecules during digestion due to their low glycemic index. Help to control levels of blood glucose and reduce impact of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

33
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Non-digestible ingredients that stimulate growth of limited number of bacteria in colon like bifidobacteria and lactobacilli to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Examples include inulin and fructooligosaccharides

34
Q

Why are short chain fatty acids beneficial?

A

Promote intestinal health because they fuel colon cells enhancing blood floow in the colon, decreasing luminal pH, and reducing the risk of developing abnormal colonic cells. They are anti-inflammatory agents in the colon. Include acetate, propionate, and butyrate.

35
Q

How do peptides become bioactive?

A

By being released by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis.

36
Q

Why are bioactive polyphenols recently being considered to be health-promoting agents?

A

Because they can act as antioxidants and free radical scavengers.

37
Q

What are the 6 subclasses of flavonoids?

A
  1. flavones
  2. flavonols
  3. flavan-3-olds
  4. falvanones
  5. anthocyanidins
  6. isoflavones
38
Q

What beneficial properties do plant sterols (phytosterols) have?

A

They are structurally similar to cholesterol and therefore compete with it decreasing the amount of cholesterol in the blood. It is oil soluble.

39
Q

What are some benefits of carotenoids?

A

They neutralize free radicals, reduce loss of vision, and reduce risk of prostate cancer.

40
Q

What are some benefits of lycopene?

A

The most potent carotenoid antioxidant most commonly found in the human body in higher concentrations.

41
Q

When is lycopene more bioavailable?

A

When cell walls are broken down. (tomato paste has higher bioavailability than tomatoes)

42
Q

What is beneficial about probiotics?

A

Live microbial food supplements which improve the intestinal microbial form. Probiotic yogurt contains more.

43
Q

What is the FFN industry?

A

A very profitable industry that markets functional foods and natural health products.

44
Q

How can one evaluate a functional food claim?

A

By determining the require concentration, if it is functionally active, if its bioavailable, if its benefits are obvious, the require amount.

45
Q

What are some benefits of resveratrol in red wine?

A

produces as an “immune” response to bacteria and fungi. Shown in rats to be anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and lowers blood sugar.

46
Q

How much red wine would you have to drink to reap benefits of its functional properties?

A

500-1000 bottles of red wine per day.