Functional Groups and Bio Intro

Question 1

Polar

Answer 1

Have a charge, dissolves in water

Question 2

Polar Functional Groups

Answer 2

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino (NH2), Sulfhydryl (SH), Phosphate (OPO32-)

Question 3

What is an Acid

Answer 3

Proton Donor

Question 4

Polar Functional groups in amino acids

Answer 4

Amino group and Carboxyl (acid), Sulfhydryl (SH)

Question 5

Is an amino group an acid?

Answer 5

They can function as both acid and base. In amino acids, they function as a base.

Question 6

Sulfhydryl group purpose

Answer 6

Involved in the folding of proteins. Has the ability to form disulfide bridges in proteins

Question 7

Purpose of ATP

Answer 7

Energy source for muscle contraction

Question 8

Guanosine Triphosphate purpose

Answer 8

Energy source for Protein synthesis

Question 9

Non-polar functional group

Answer 9

CH3, hydrophobic

Question 10

Macromolecules

Answer 10

large organic polymers formed from monomers

Question 11

4 classes of macromolecules

Answer 11

proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates

Question 12

Catabolism

Answer 12

Breaking down macromolecules to release energy. Opposite of Anabolism

Question 13

Which cells in the body use proteins?

Answer 13

All of them.

Question 14

Polypeptides

Answer 14

Polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Question 15

Structure of proteins

Answer 15

Consists of one or more polypeptide chains

Question 16

7 functions of proteins

Answer 16

Structural support, transport, hormonal, receptor, movement, defensive, enzymatic

Question 17

Collagen

Answer 17

Protein for structural support. Present in animal connective tissue.

Question 18

Na, K-ATPase

Answer 18

Transport protein that transports NaK across the membrane

Question 19

Hemoglobin

Answer 19

Protein that transports oxygen

Question 20

Insulin

Answer 20

Hormonal protein - first synthesized by Canadian (don’t have to know)

Question 21

Receptor Protein

Answer 21

Detect chemical signals released by other cells

Question 22

Actin and Myosin

Answer 22

Proteins for muscle movement

Question 23

Defensive Proteins

Answer 23

Antibodies

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Substance that accelerates chemical reactions (biological catalyst)

Question 25

How many different amino acids are used for protein synthesis in biological systems?

Answer 25

20

Question 26

Zwitterion

Answer 26

dipolar ion

Question 27

3 ionic states of amino acids

Answer 27

in acids - acts as base, one additional charge In base - acts as acid, one less charge Neutral - Zwitterion - neutral ion Differentiating amino acids

Question 28

How to differentiate amino acids

Answer 28

look at R group (side chain)

Question 29

Alpha carbon

Answer 29

Central carbon of amino acid

Question 30

How many hydrophobic amino acids?

Answer 30

9 - derivatives of CH3 - nonpolar

Question 31

How many charged hyrdophilic amino acids

Answer 31

5

Question 32

Two types of hydrophilic amino acids

Answer 32

charged, uncharged

Question 33

How do you draw amino acids and polypeptides

Answer 33

From n-terminus (amino end) to C-terminus (carboxyl end) -left to right

Question 34

How long are polypeptides

Answer 34

A few amino acids in length to thousands

Question 35

Isoelectric point

Answer 35

pH at which a molecule has no net charge

Question 36

How many different polypeptides

Answer 36

Each polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids and isoelectric point

Question 37

What determines the isoelectric point of a polypeptide

Answer 37

R-chain

Question 38

What determines the primary protein structure

Answer 38

DNA sequence

Question 39

Two models for protein structure

Answer 39

Ribbon model and space filling model

Question 40

Secondary Structure

Answer 40

Visual, repeating structure -amino acids close together, backbone interactions

Question 41

Two types of secondary structure

Answer 41

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Question 42

Amino acid residues

Answer 42

Individual amino acid after they link up with others to form polypeptide

Question 43

Alpha helix shape reason

Answer 43

H bonds form between amino acid residues located 4 amino acid places apart. H bonds force helical structure, otherwise wouldn't be able to form.

Question 44

How are beta strands depicted

Answer 44

As flat arrows pointing towards the Carboxyl end (c-terminus)

Question 45

What keeps beta pleated sheets together

Answer 45

Hydrogen bonds

Question 46

Distance between H bonds of beta pleated sheets

Answer 46

No exact distance, unlike Alpha helix

Question 47

What reinforces the two types of secondary structures?

Answer 47

H bonds between the CO and NH groups of the polypeptide backbone.

Question 48

Phospholipid bilateral structure

Answer 48

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Question 49

Only amino acid with SH

Answer 49

Cysteine

Question 50

Types of bonds which contribute to tertiary structure

Answer 50

Disulfide bridges, H bonds between charged Sid chains Ionic bonds between charged side chains (salt bridge) Hydrophobic interactions between non polar side chains.

Question 51

How is a salt bridge formed?

Answer 51

Positive and negative r groups fold onto each other and form a salt bridge (ionic bridge)

Question 52

Hydrophobic side chain interaction

Answer 52

Non polar side chains fold onto each other to escape aqueous environment.

Question 53

How strong are disulfide bridges?

Answer 53

Very strong - a type of covalent linkage

Question 54

How do you break salt bridges?

Answer 54

Add salt

Question 55

How do you break disulfide bridges?

Answer 55

Increase temperature significantly

Question 56

When is a quaternary structure visible?

Answer 56

When a protein is made of more than one polypeptide

Question 57

Which forces hold together the quaternary structure?

Answer 57

Same as tertiary (covalent, weak)

Question 58

Quaternary structure of collagen

Answer 58

3 helical polypeptides supercoiled into a triple helix

Question 59

Quaternary structure of Hemoglobulin

Answer 59

Globular protein composed of 4 polypeptides

Question 60

Number of polypeptides that make up Na, K-ATPase

Answer 60

2-3