Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals Revision > Functional Localisation > Flashcards

Functional Localisation Flashcards

1
Q

CNS lesion inspection

A

limb posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CNS lesion tone

A

increased spasticity (velocity dependent increased tone)/clonus (persistent ankle jerk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CNS lesion pattern of weakness

A

Decreased hemisphere: contralateral hemiplegia

Spine: below lever of lesion. pyramidal pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CNS lesion reflexes

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CNS lesion plantar response

A

extensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CNS lesion sensory

A

hemisphere: hemisensory
spine: below the level of the lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PNS lesion inspection

A

(distal) wasting/ fasciculation (damage to motor nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PNS tone

A

Decreased

  • Excessive flopping of foot in log rolling
  • Foot dragging up bed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PNS pattern of weakness

A

Decreased

Peripheral neuropathy: Distal weakness

Root/ plexus (C5-T1 for upper)/ mononeuropathy: dependent on innervated muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

PNS reflexes

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PNS plantar response

A

flexor (if no sensation then there may be a muted response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PNS sensory

A

peripheral neuropathy: glove and stocking

root/plexus/mononeuropathy: dependent (root= dermatomal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NMJ inspection

A

additional ptosis or ophthalmoplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NMJ tone

A

normal or decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

NMJ pattern of weakness

A

normal

fatiguability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NMJ reflexes

A

normal or decreased (only if long-standing process with wasting and weakness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

NMJ plantar response

A

flexor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

NMJ sensory

A

none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

muscle lesion inspection

A

proximal wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tone inspection

A

normal or decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pattern of weakness muscle

A

decreased strength
proximal weakness
symmetrical
difficulty rising from chair without using arms

22
Q

reflexes in muscle pathology

A

normal or decrease

23
Q

plantar response in muscle pathology

24
Q

sensory in muscle lesion

25
how to examine NMJ
> demonstrate you understand fatiguability - Fixed horizontal gaze for 20 seconds (looking for start of drooping, particularly on one side, then look to see if one eyelid is lower than other) - Fixed horizontal gaze for 20 seconds, then report if there is any double vision, both horizontal and vertical, are images getting further apart? - Sustained counting (dysarthria) West register street, count to 50, repeat west register street - Shoulder abduction before and after repetitive movements, do 20 movements on one side then test for shoulder abduction again. Is there now weakness on one side? - Also examine for facial weakness- test CN VII, test for neck weakness
26
nature of essential tremor
Postural Generally symmetrical History of relatively young onset, 50% have FHx of the same. Should be a response to alcohol.
27
nature of cerebellar tremor
Action/intention tremor May be asymmetrical or symmetrical (depending on pathology)
28
nature of extra-pyramidal tremor
Rest | Asymmetrical
29
tone in tremor
essential- normal cerebellar- reduced/normal extrapyramidal- increased
30
cerebellar features
DANISH ``` D ysdiadokinesis A taxia N ystagmus I ntention S lurred speech H eel shin ```
31
how to examine for dysdiadokineses
rapid alternating movements- difficulty trying to initiate movements
32
examination for ataxia
(ask patient to walk, is there a wide based short stepping gait. Are they able to heel toe walk?)
33
how to examine for nystagmus
just test horizontal movements, follow finger. Might be physiological nystagmus at extremes of gaze but should be symmetrical. Look for saccadic eye movements- look ahead eye movements, look quickly from fist to palm- looking for jerkiness and an intention tremor of eyes
34
how to test for intention tremor
finger nose testing
35
examination in resting tremor
- Bradykinesia- one side and then the other. Pincer grasp in air, 20 times. - Rigidity- Supinator pronator movements. If not certain use synkinesis- movement of another body part. Tap with one hand while testing tone on other side. Cogwheeling. - Tremor- rest hands down on knees, is there a pill rolling tremor. If they are suppressing it, get them to count backwards. - Postural instability- shuffling gait, bit of difficulty turning, reduced arm swing. Test of retropulsion, stand with back to couch- sit, stand up and then give them a pull backwards.
36
where does VZV lie
sensory ganglion
37
what does HSV cause
viral encephalitis (temporal lobe)
38
what does polio affect
anterior horn cell
39
what can measles cause
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
40
what does JC virus cause
pml
41
what is bright in T1 sequence
fat
42
what is bright in T2 sequence
demyelination and CSF
43
common presentations of MS
optic neuritis | transverse myelitis
44
treatment of MS
acute: steroids | long-term; immunomodulatory treatments (copaxone/IFN/tysabri)
45
subdural haematoma
crescent moon shape, might cross midline. Venous haemorrhage. Most common mechanism- trauma. May be insidious, worsening headache
46
extradural haematoma
lens shape, arterial bleed. Mechanism: trauma or after surgery. Acute presentation: skull fracture and altered mental status.
47
subarachnoid haemorrhage
subarachnoid space, anywhere where there is CSF there is blood. Predominately arterial. Acute onset worst headache of life. Spontaneous ruptures of peri-aneyurysms around circle of willis. Can be traumatic.
48
intraparenchymal haemorrhage
blood within the hemispheres themselves. Mechanism: high blood pressure, AV malformation, tumour. Arterial or venous. Acute sudden onset nausea, vomiting
49
monroe kellie hypothesis
CPP= MAP- ICP
50
cushings reflex
- Raised ICP= low cerebral blood flow, cerebral ischaemia, acidosis - Sympathetic response= vasoconstriction, raised MAP to increase CPP - Baroreceptors in the neck lead to reflex bradycardia - HIGH BP and BRADYCARDIA= cushings reflex

Finals Revision (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions