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Functional Organization of cells Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is a cell

A

The smallest basic living unit

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A

group(s) of cell types and intercellular material that group together to perform specific fxn

I.E. Muscle or Nerve

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3
Q

Organ/Organ System

A

Aggregate of cells/tissues held together by intra/intercellular support structures

I.E. Kidney, Heart, GI Tract

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4
Q

Basic Tissue Types

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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5
Q

Nervous Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Intertwining Elongated
Extracellular Matrix: None
Fxn: Transmision of APs

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6
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Aggregated Polyhedral
Extracellular Matrix: minimal
Fxn: lining of surface or body cavities; absorption, glandular secretions

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7
Q

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Elongated contractile cells
Extracellular Matrix: Moderate amount
Fxn: Movement

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8
Q

Connective Tissue Characteristics

Cell,extracellular matrix, fxn

A

Cells: Several types of fixed or wandering cells
Extracellular matrix: Abundant amount; matrix is the basis for fxn of each CT type
Fxn: multiple fxns from structure to immunity

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9
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A
  • 2/3 of total body water
  • Primarily a solution of K and organic anions (high K, low NA), CHO, PRO, Lipids, AAs
  • Not homogeneous in your body. It represents a conglomeration of fluids from all the different cells.
  • Cell membrane/metabolism control cytosol contents
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10
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A
  • 1/3 of total body water
    *Primarily a NaCl and NaHCO3 solution.
    *Further subdivided into three sub compartments: Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
    Plasma
    Transcellular Fluid
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11
Q

The 60-40-20 Rule

A

60 % of body weight is water
40% of body weight is intracellular fluids
20% of body weight is extracellular fluid
Cytoplasm- protoplasm of the cell: intracellular fluid and organelles excluding nuclear material

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12
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Surrounds cells, does not circulate

- makes up 3/4 of ECF

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13
Q

Plasma

A

Extracellular component of blood; circulates

- makes up 1/4 of ECF

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14
Q

Transcellular Fluids

A

Outside of normal compartments (~1-2L of fluid
Examples:
-CSF, Synovial fluid, Mucus, digestive juices

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15
Q

Plasmalemma-Phospholipids

A

Polar region: hydroPHILIC (heads)

Non-polar region: hydroPHOBIC (tails)

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16
Q

Selective permeability: plasmalemma fxn

A

hydroPHOBIC molecules pass easily;
hydroPHILIC molecules do not
controls whats allowed into internal cellular environment

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17
Q

Physical isolation: plasmalemma fxn

A

maintenance of internal cell environment

keeps cellular components in protected environment

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18
Q

Immunospecificity: plasmalemma fxn

A

serves as recognition site for other cells and antibodies

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19
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A 
Water soluble
Glucose
Ions
Urea
PRO
*Require specific entry route to get into/out of cell
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20
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A 
Fat soluble
O2
CO2
Alcohol
Lipids, fats
Easily move b/w cytoplasm and extracellular space
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21
Q

Cell Membrane Proportions

A 
Protein: 55%
Phospholipids: 25%
Cholesterol: 13%
Other lipids: 4%
CHO: 3%
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22
Q

Cholesterol

A

Increased amounts of cholesterol=increased viscosity (like jam vs water=thicker)
Allows cell to control fluidity of plasmalemma to faciliate cell mvmt and rigidity

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23
Q

Integral transmembrane proteins

A

span the lipid bi-layer fxn as a channel or pore, carrier proteins, or cell surface receptors

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24
Q

Channel or pore: membrane proteins

A

for water, and water soluble substances (ions)

diffuse between the extracellular and intracellular environments

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25
Carrier proteins: membrane proteins
actively transport molecules against the concentration gradient Transport substances that otherwise could not penetrate and (active transport- against the natural direction of diffusion) enzymes
26
Cell surface receptor: membrane proteins
identification for cells and antibodies | assist in recognition of self and non-self
27
Ligand
molecule that binds to a particular receptor and tells the cell to produce some type of cellular activity.
28
Peripheral proteins
occur on one side of the membrane only-typically cytoplasmic side of membrane; ones on outside of membrane=recognition sites normally attached to integral proteins Fxn: enzyme catalysts to affect intracellular events (second messenger system)
29
Second Messenger System
Classes of intracellular signals acting at or situated within the plasma membrane and translating electrical or chemical messages from the environment into cellular responses Second messenger system is most important part of the peripheral membrane proteins because they produce cellular activity inside the cell (make things happen from messages from outside cell to inside)
30
Glycocalyx Fxns
CHO are linked to proteins and lipids on outer surface of cell membrane * serve in cell to cell recognition processes; participate in immune rxns * attachment sites for other cells to ECM * Some (CHO) are charged negatively; act to repel/attract other charged species * CHO serve as receptors for binding hormones (insulin)
31
Nucleus
Contains genes encoded as DNA | control center of cell
32
Genes fxns
Control production of cellular proteins (structural and enzymatic) that ultimately control cytoplasmic and nuclear activity
33
Nuclear Membrane
contains pores where inner and outer layers fuse --pores are guarded to restrict mvmt into/out of nucleoplasm double bilayer
34
Nucleoli
accumulation of RNA and ribosomes | --storage site for RNA that is ready to translate into proteins
35
Chromatin
coiled strands of DNA, bound to proteins Heterochromatin (inactive) appears more electron dense than euchromatin (active) * H-I=Hetero not active * Easily Attracted=E-active
36
Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of interconnected tubular and flat vesicular structures membrane composed of normal lipid bilayer with endoplasmic matrix inside produces proteins and lipids for cellular use and for secretion Small vesicles of ER break away from ER and transport contents to Golgi App for final processing
37
Rough ER
ribosomes(RNA & PRO) attached to membrane; often continuous with nuclear membrane produce new proteins for cell and for secretion
38
Smooth ER
``` no ribosomes--much like sacroplasmic reticulum steroid production membrane phospholipid production contains numerous enzymes to detoxify Ca+ storage ```
39
Golgi Apparatus Fxns
Final packaging center: process substances formed in ER | Synthesize CHO
40
Concentration of substances in small vesicles: Golgi Apparatus
vesicles release contents via exocytosis vesicles fuse with plasmalemma to replenish membrane bilayer some vesicles remain for intracellular uses
41
Cis face of Golgi App
closest to ER, accepts ER vesicles here
42
Trans face of Golgi App
nearest plasmalemma, vesicle for export are created here
43
mitochondria Fxns
-produce energy through aerobic production of ATP ---energy created is stored in high energy phosphate bonds of ATP --exist in variable amounts in different cells: muscles=most Contain their own DNA for self replication
44
Mitochondrial membrane
consists of double lipid bilayer | -inner membrane contains enzymes for converting molecular energy into ATP
45
Mitochondrial matrix
cytosol w/in the mitochondrion is filled with enzymes for energy extraction from nutrients
46
Mitochondrial Cristae
(protrusions of inner membrane) | -create greater surface area for enzymatic activity
47
Lysosome Fxns
final packaging of lysosomes occurs in Golgi App responsible for digestion of intracellular and extracellular material exists in different states of activity (optimal activity ion acidic conditions) Hydrolytic enzymes-(main fxn is digestion) (PRO) synthesized in the RER
48
Primary Lysosome
contain digestive enzymes only | can release contents into intercellular space
49
Phagosome: lysosome
vesicle of material taken into the cell from the environment (will fuse with primary lysosome)
50
Secondary Lysosome
Fusion of phagosome & lysosome | enzymatic digestion takes place--digested material released from the cell via exocytosis
51
Residual body
remaining indigestible material, usually removed through exocytosis
52
Cytoskeleton
fibrillar cell proteins organized into filaments or tubules provides rigid structural support to cells and allows cells to alter shape, contract, and move Composed of: microfilaments;intermediate filaments;microtubules
53
Cytoskeleton
fibrillar cell proteins organized into filaments or tubules provides rigid structural support to cells and allows cells to alter shape, contract, and move Composed of: microfilaments;intermediate filaments;microtubules
54
Cytoskeleton Architecture
Actin—same action that they have in the muscular contraction, providing structure and ability to move Microtubules—acts like a highway Intermediate filament---architectural structure function, connection to extracellular space
55
Microfilaments-thin filaments
slender protein strands--5-7 nm thick Actin is main protein of microfilaments **Anchor cytoskeleton to membrane proteins--structural support **Alter viscosity of cytoplasm-more filaments=greater viscosity **Interact w/myosin to produce change in cell shape or mvmt of cell (contraction)
56
Intermediate Filaments
7-11nm diameter different cell types have varied types/amounts of these filaments FXN: provide strength and stability for cell shape stabilize organelle positions stabilize cell position with respect to surrounding cells-via attachment to cell membrane
57
Common Intermediate Filaments
Keratins: found in skin Vimentin: mesenchymal cells (CT) Desmin: muscle cells (smooth, skeletal, cardiac) Glial filaments: glial cells of CNS (astrocytes) Neurofilaments: neurons
58
Microtubules FXN & Characteristics
Maintain cell shape Participate in intracellular transport of organelles and vesicles providing pathways through the cytoplasm Make up cilia and flagella form mitotic spindle for aligning chromosomes during mitosis composed of alpha and beta subunits of the proteins tubulin
59
Cilia
move fluid over stationary cell
60
Flagella
provide cell motility
61
Thick filaments-myosin
occur as bundles of myosin protein subunits b/w 12-15 nm in diameter prevalent in muscle cells--but present in most cell types interact with actin to produce cellular contraction
62
Plasticity of Organelles
Amount of organelles and characteristics vary depending on needs of the cell/tissue
63
Skeletal muscle: plasticity
specialized w/abundant amount of myosin and vast # of mitochondria
64
Neurons: plasticity
large amounts of RER and microtubules for production and transport of neurotransmitters
65
Cytoskeleton: plasticity
proportion of components varies among cell types and also with fxn of cell
66
SER: plasticity
modified in liver cells for detoxification and in skeletal muscle for Ca+ storage

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