FUNCTIONALISM

Question 1

what is macro-functionalism?

Answer 1

looks at society as a whole and the different components of society.

Question 2

what is a value consensus?

Answer 2

shared values.

Question 3

what is a collective conscience?

Answer 3

shared beliefs about what is right and wrong.

Question 4

who created the idea of a collective conscience?

Answer 4

Durkheim.

Question 5

what is boundary maintenance?

Answer 5

publicity of crimes to remind the public the difference between right and wrong behaviour.

Question 6

what is collective conscience?

Answer 6

shared ideas about what is considered to be right and wrong.

Question 7

what is anomie?

Answer 7

a state of normlessness - norms and values no longer guide peoples behaviour.

Question 8

what is adaptation and change?

Answer 8

crime can result in changes in the law.

Question 9

what is social solidarity?

Answer 9

after horrific crimes, society can pull together to condemn the actions.

Question 10

example of social solidarity in politics?

Answer 10

death of Jo Cox MP - stabbed by a man in daylight.

Question 11

what is a strain to anomie?

Answer 11

when people have alternative means or reject social goals in response to this strain.

Question 12

what means are innovators more likely to turn to?

Answer 12

illegitimate means.

Question 13

one strength of Merton’s strain theory?

Answer 13

explains in which the way people respond to crime.

Question 14

one weakness of Merton’s strain theory?

Answer 14

largely explains utilitarian crime, but not things such as assault or stabbings.

Question 15

what did Merton emphasise placed a bigger emphasis on the goals of success?

Answer 15

American dream.

Question 16

what are utilitarian crimes?

Answer 16

crimes that are committed for financial gain.

Question 17

what are the 5 adaptations to strain?

Answer 17

1. conformity
2. innovation
3. ritualism
4. retreatism
5. rebellion

Question 18

does conformity accept goals and means?

Answer 18

yes and yes.

Question 19

does innovation accept goals and means?

Answer 19

yes and no.

Question 20

does ritualism accept goals and means?

Answer 20

no and yes.

Question 21

does retreatism accept goals and means?

Answer 21

no and no.

Question 22

does rebellion accept goals and means?

Answer 22

yes/no and yes/no.

Question 23

what is a subculture?

Answer 23

a group within a culture that differs from the general consensus.

Question 24

an example of a subculture?

Answer 24

punk rockers in the 1970’s.

Question 25

which group of people did Cohen focus on?

Answer 25

working class boys in school who fail to succeed in middle class environments.

Question 26

what were students more likely to join because of failure?

Answer 26

delinquent subcultures.

Question 27

what two things can delinquent subcultures give you?

Answer 27

status and success.

Question 28

where do conflict subcultures exist?

Answer 28

in areas of poverty and high population turnover.

Question 29

where do retreats subcultures occur?

Answer 29

areas where there are no criminal networks to join.

Question 30

2 evaluations of cloward and ohlin - 3 subcultures?

Answer 30

1. ignore crimes of the wealthy. 2. focuses on just w/c males.

Question 31

two reasons why Durkheim argues crime is inevitable?

Answer 31

inequality and inadequate socialisation.

Question 32

what is it called if there is too much crime?

Answer 32

anomie.

Question 33

what is it called if there isn't enough crime?

Answer 33

stagnation.

Question 34

give one evaluation of Merton's 5 theory of strain?

Answer 34

he assumes that peoples motivations for crime are individual and ignores the fact that crime often occurs in groups.

Question 35

who was Cohen influenced from in his findings?

Answer 35

Merton.

Question 36

what is young peoples cultural goal?

Answer 36

the desire for status and respect.

Question 37

how do middle class boys gain status and respect?

Answer 37

through their parents and educational success.

Question 38

what is the form of anomie they experience called?

Answer 38

status frustration.

Question 39

two types of social control?

Answer 39

formal social control and informal social control.

Question 40

what is formal social control?

Answer 40

any written rules which are set out eg. laws which are enforced by police.

Question 41

what is informal social control?

Answer 41

any rules which are agreed upon but not written down.

Question 42

how could we link these deviant subcultures back to education?

Answer 42

they begin at school - when they cannot do well in school they form anti-school subcultures.

Question 43

what does Miller argue many working classes have developed?

Answer 43

focal concerns.

Question 44

what are focal concerns?

Answer 44

the things they value eg. toughness and excitement.

Question 45

what is an example of demonstrating focal concerns?

Answer 45

to demonstrate toughness, people may get involved in street fights.

Question 46

what do Cloward and Ahlin argue the types of subcultures people join is down to?

Answer 46

locality - depends where they live.

Question 47

give 3 types of deviant subcultures?

Answer 47

1. criminal subcultures. 2. conflict subcultures. 3. retreatist subcultures.

Question 48

what crimes do criminal subcultures commit and where usually?

Answer 48

utilitarian crimes in inner-city areas with established criminal networks.

Question 49

what crimes do conflict subcultures commit and where usually?

Answer 49

fighting for territory + non-utilitarian in deprived, council areas.

Question 50

what crimes do retreats subcultures commit and where usually?

Answer 50

give up and turn their backs on society in areas with no organised crime eg. countryside.