Functionalism & Marxism Flashcards
(16 cards)
Durkheim
ppl = selfish - need common V’s to promo coop & prevent anomie - used to come together thro mech sol - mems lived in small undif groups = strong ties & performed sim tasks - held together by VC - now = organic sol = div of lab so forced to interact & exchange w/ each other to provide things need
Parsons
agree w/ D need agents of soc & fam to build VC & maintain soc order - think has changed overtime - geo mobil & nuc fam - need fun prerequs - Goal Attainment, Adaption, Intergration, Latency (maintenance)
organic analogy - soc thought to func like organisam - soc instus = organs
Merton
crit P for assump all soc instus = beneficial = dsyfunction - have manifest (intended outcome w/ recog cons eg NHS provides healthcare) & latent funcs (unitended outcome & unrecog cons eg hospital w’s meet partner)
Strength
recog NBance of soc struc & understanding in soc behav & links between instus = explan for soc stability & why ppl conform to soc life rules
Weaknesses
deterministic - ignores free will - soc shapes person
metanarrative & soc change - ppl have indu v’s & = multiculturalism & tech changes so X longer applies
dsyfunction - ignores conflict
VC - ppl X passively take on N’s & V’s
conflict - ignores patri, racism & class inequality
conserv - X accepting of change - nuc fam
Marx
Historic Materialism
Soc driven by econ = 2 parts:
base - means of prod
superstructure - makes up rest of soc eg cul state edu
History of Class Society & Exploitation
earliest stage of human history = no classes, priv ownership/exploitation - everyone worked & everything = shared = primitive consumersim
but as soc developed so did class - one owns means of prod & exploit lab of others - control surplus product
Class Societies
ancient - selves exploited - legally tied to owners
feudal - serfs exploited as legally tied to owners
capitalist - based on exploitation of wage labourers
Ideology
class owns means of prod & control prod of ideas - dom ideas = RC
institus that prod & spread ideas all serve dom class by prod ideas - ideas legit existing soc order as des/inevi
foster false class conciousness in WC & sustain inequal - but as cap impovs WC see thro ideo & become aware of true position as wage slaves
Alienation
Marx believed our true nature based of capacity to create things to meet needs
= result of loss of control over labour & products & sep from true nature
alienation happens under cap bc:
1. w’s = complete sep from forces of prod - have no control
2. division of lab is intense - w’s = red to unskilled lab mindlessly repeating meaningless task
M sees relig as orig in alienation of human lab as a way to cope
Humanist Marxism
Gramsci - hegemony - ideas & values RC class uses to maintain control by convincing rule = legit = 2 ways
1. coercion using army police courts etc to force other classes to accept rule
2. consent (hegemony) use ideos & v’s to persuade subord classes RC = legit
rejected econ deter as a form of change - ideas = NB prol must develop ‘counter hegemony’ to win
Hegemony & Revolution
in advance cap socs RC rely on consent to maintain rule - G agrees w/ M that able to maintain consent bc control institus eg relig & media
hegemony X complete bc:
1. RC = minority - need to make ideo compromises w/ MC to keep control
2. prol have dual conciousness - ideas influ by bour ideo but also by mat conditions of life - aware of exploi
can overthrow in econ crisis but only = rev if develop counter heg bloc - need moral & ideo Lship - G said WC only win if prod organic indus who = class concious and can develop counter heg
Evaluation of Humanist Marxism
many WC see thro RC ideo - Willis - boys saw school = unfair
crit for under emph role of coercive poll & econ forces in holding back formation of ‘c-h-b’
Structural Marxism
Althusser - soc made of 3 levels - ideo, pol & econ - interact to prod ideos that maintain cap soc & keep prol working
ideo level - ways ppl see world & self
pol level - all forms of org
econ level - all activities involv prod to sat need
RSAs & ISAs
Evaluation of Structural Marxism
claims to oppose humanism & deter but replaces econ deter w/ struc deter = m complex
Goulder ‘scientific’ approach discours pol activism bc stresses role of struc facs that indus X affect
Thompson - crits for ignoring active struggles of WC to change social = elitist - com party knows best
Wider Evaluation
econ reduc - what about ideas cul & relig
makes ppl appear to = dom by strucs
gender & race blind - only recogs class = 7 only sees 2
