fundamental concepts

Answer 1

motor control

Answer 2

motor learning

Answer 3

motor development

Question 4

who cares about motor development and why?

Answer 4

-educators–> which practices work best for students and developmentally appropriate
-therapists–> what factors work best at differ points in lifespan
-engineers/designers–> knowing changes that occur so that can design/change world around
-health care providers–> how does movement in early life affect health later in life

Question 5

what are the 3 definitive characterists of motor development?

Answer 5

1. functional capacity
2. sequential change
3. age related but NOT age dependent

Question 6

the capability to exist–> to live, move, and work irl

Answer 6

functional capacity

Question 7

the continuous process of change in functional capacity is a ______ type of process. meaning?

Answer 7

cumulative; we are always developing, but sometimes changes are more or less noticeable–> it is the overall ability to function

Question 8

Motor development requires sequential change, what does this mean?

Answer 8

there are predictable patterns of development and one step leads to the next in an orderly and irreversible fashion

Question 9

motor development is age related but not age dependent, what does this mean?

Answer 9

-may be faster or slower at different times
-rate may differ among individuals are same age
-humans do not advance in age and development at same time
-development does not stop at particular age and is continuous

Question 10

example of motor control when striking a baseball

Answer 10

nervous system control over muscles and coordinate movement

Question 11

example of motor learning when striking a baseball

Answer 11

adjusting the bat or altering schedule leads to change in skill level

Question 12

example of motor development when striking a baseball

Answer 12

development of batting change overtime with physical growth and maturation

Question 13

motor development is the development of _____

Answer 13

skill

Question 14

development of skill is the goal of motor development, but that is directly tied into

Answer 14

1. physical growth
2. maturation
3. aging

Question 15

physical growth refers to

Answer 15

the quantitative increase in size or magnitude

Question 16

when does physical growth start and end?

Answer 16

conception to late adolescence/early 20s

Question 17

yes physical growth is the measure of size but this does not include measuring

Answer 17

muscle mass (do not study leg day or gym muscle increase)

Question 18

the progression towards physical maturity–> the ability to reproduce and all of body’s systems integrated

Answer 18

maturation

Question 19

broad term definition of aging

Answer 19

growing older in terms of chronological age

Question 20

aging more specifically means

Answer 20

changes that lead to loss of adaptability and function and then death

Question 21

why has the study of aging recently become more important?

Answer 21

people are living longer, so need to learn more about older aging processes

Question 22

by 2030, __ of the world’s population will be 65+, compared to 2015 at __, 2000 at __, and 1930 at __

Answer 22

15%, 8%, 6%, 1%

Question 23

motor development falls along a continuum of life stages. what are all the stages that make up the continuum?

Answer 23

prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, late childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle age, older adults

Question 24

what is the traditional method when it comes to studying motor development along the continuum

Answer 24

pick one period and research that in isolation

Question 25

which type of approach when studying the continuum of motor development is the best to get a holistic understanding

Answer 25

developmental approach

Answer 26

Newell's Model of Constraints

Question 27

movement at all points in life arises from the interaction of (newell's model of constraints)

Answer 27

1. task 2. individual 3. environment

Question 28

compel or force to follow a particular course of action OR severely restrict the scope, extent, or activity of

Answer 28

constrain

Question 29

constraints in motor development are not good or bad, they define ...

Answer 29

how movement arises throughout development by either limiting or permitting

Question 30

what defines task constraint

Answer 30

the goals of the movement, rules, and equipment (e.g. goal is to shoot the ball, rule is to dribble the ball, equipment is the use of a basketball)

Question 31

what defines individual constraint

Answer 31

structural- human body structure (e.g. height) and functional- behavior (e.g. the want to do it)

Question 32

what defines environment constraint

Answer 32

outside of the body and physical (e.g. weather, location) sociocultural (e.g. social norm)

Question 33

how to determine the difference between age-related development/change and fluctuation of behavior?

Answer 33

using a measuring technique: -observe movement/behavior over time -describe differences of people of differ age groups -plotting change over time

Question 34

plotting development allows us to...

Answer 34

-compare individuals with average and adjust expectations accordingly -shows growth patterns are predictable/consistent NOT linear -shows rapid change/plateau change -sigmoid curve -shows developmental trajectory

Question 35

3 types of researching developmental change designs

Answer 35

1. longitudinal 2. cross-sectional 3. mixed longitudinal (sequential)

Question 36

what type of research design is when you watch individual/group over time--> requires lengthy observation (years, decades)

Answer 36

longitudinal

Question 37

what type of research design is when you take individuals/groups at chosen points in age of interested and compared (not actually observed but inferred from results)

Answer 37

cross-sectional

Question 38

what type of research design is smaller time periods of observation with overlapping ages

Answer 38

mixed longitudinal

Question 39

type of research method that allows researcher to "pool" smaller studies--> stat technique that combine individual studies into one more general to estimate effect

Answer 39

meta analysis

Question 40

type of research method where many studies on a topic are compared and contrasted--> can point out conflicts and highlight common findings

Answer 40

review paper

Question 41

paradox in development

Answer 41

universality vs variability

Question 42

individuals in a species show great similarity in development vs individual differences--> above or below average yet can still arrive at same point by different pathways

Answer 42

universality vs variability

Question 43

what must motor developmentalists must consider because of the development paradox?

Answer 43

an individual's behavior in the CONTEXT of both universal behaviors and individual difference

Question 44

what helps us distinguish between universal behaviors and behaviors that reflect human variability

Answer 44

research

Answer 45

universal behaviors

Answer 46

individual differences

Question 47

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