theoretical perspectives in motor development

Question 2

3 central theories of motor development

Answer 2

1. maturational perspective
2. information processing perspective
3. ecological perspective

Question 3

central theory that explains developmental change as a function of maturational processes

Answer 3

maturational perspective

Question 4

maturational perspective contends that motor development is an _____ process driven by a biological or genetic _____

Answer 4

internal, clock

Question 5

true or false: maturational perspective says that the environment may speed or slow the process of change and can change one’s biological determined course

Answer 5

false: environment can speed or slow down but WILL NOT change biological makeup

Question 6

maturational perspective: environment would only ______ affect development because _____ factors would take over

Answer 6

temporarily, hereditary

Question 7

history of maturational perspective: biological and evolutionary history of humans determined their _______; each stage of development corresponds with a stage of _______

Answer 7

development, evolution

Question 8

twin study shows the difference between

Answer 8

nature vs nurture

Question 9

johnny and jimmy: Myrtle McGraw (1935) used twins to examine influence of ______ _____ on motor development. Johnny vs Jimmy

Answer 9

enhanced experience
johnny–> challenging environments and tasks (climbing a ramp and roller skating)
jimmy–> no tasks

Question 10

maturational perspective led to the assumption that basic motor skills with _______ materialize/develop; many professionals feel it is unnecessary to facilitate development because of this

Answer 10

automatically

Question 11

which body system is maturational perspective based on maturing to trigger all motor development

Answer 11

nervous system

Question 12

why is the focus just on one body system (nervous system) for all development a problem

Answer 12

shows that development is just based on the growth of one system and once that system is down growing so is development (which is incorrect bc it is proven that development is a life long process)

Question 13

mid 1940s-1970s: motor development was studied by describing ______ and identifying ____ ____ norms for skills and milestones (naturally occurring sequence of changes)

Answer 13

movement, age group

Question 14

what perspective focuses on behavioral or environmental causes of development?

Answer 14

information processing perspective

Question 15

information processing perspective says that the brain acts like a ______= takes in info, processes it, and outputs movement

Answer 15

computer

Question 16

input–> decision making–> execution

Answer 16

brain acts like a computer: info processing perspective

Question 17

emphasized concepts of information processing perspective

Answer 17

stimulus response compatibility, feedback, knowledge of results, attention, and memory

Question 18

what development emerged as a field of study from info processing perspective?

Answer 18

perceptual motor

Question 19

in info processing perspective what was found linked to delay in motor development

Answer 19

learning disabilities

Question 20

what perspective stresses interrelationships between individual, environment, and task; considers interaction of all constraints

Answer 20

ecological perspective

Question 21

2 branches of ecological perspective

Answer 21

1. dynamic systems approach
2. perception-action approach

Question 22

a branch of ecological perspective that is concerned with motor control and coordination –> you are not hardwired and can adapt

Answer 22

dynamic systems approach

Question 23

a branch of ecological perspective that is concerned with perception–> how we interpret the world around us

Answer 23

perception-action approach

Question 24

what type of relationship is between perception and an action

Answer 24

direct

Question 25

why should the development of perception and development of movement (action) be studied together?

Answer 25

a close relationship between interpretation of world around us (perceptual system) and how we move (motor system) exists AND applying movement to real world movement behavior (Gibson)

Question 26

describes the function an object in the environment provides to an individual

Answer 26

affordances

Question 27

affordances are related to the ____ and _____ of the object and the _____ in a particular setting

Answer 27

size, shape, individual

Question 28

affordances: ______ possibilities of the environment /task in relation to the perceiver's capabilities

Answer 28

action

Question 29

affordances: _____ of the environment/task in terms of the actions the perceiver can potentially exert on it

Answer 29

perception

Question 30

2 constraints on affordances

Answer 30

1. individual (structural) 2. tasks

Question 31

what is this an example of : a horizontal surface affords a human a place to sit, but a vertical surface does not

Question 32

process of changing dimensions of the environment or object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer

Answer 32

body scaling

Question 33

true or false: affordances change as individuals change; give example

Answer 33

true; baseball bat weight as individual gets bigger/stronger

Question 34

2 implications for body scaling

Answer 34

-growth in size (e.g. infant cannot climb stairs but toddler can) -deterioration (older adults may not climb stairs due to arthritis)

Question 35

ecological vs maturational/info -MD is the development of multiple systems vs -development is a lifespan process from prenatal to death vs -perception of environment is direct, human system self organizes vs

Answer 35

-MD is dependent upon only CNS -development ends at the end of puberty -an executive function decides all action based on input of perceptual info

Question 36

what approach is a constraint led approach (task, environment, individual)

Answer 36

dynamic systems approach

Question 37

example of dynamic systems approach on how constraints influence human behavior

Answer 37

human body can move in infinite number of ways but structure of skeletal system encourages-CONSTRAINS- you to walk (you could crawl, scoot as a mode to move but we attracted to walking)

Question 38

the human system is constantly searching for the most ___ ____; within that search, the system _______; new movement patterns "emerge" as the result of interaction between multiple systems

Answer 38

stable state, self organizes

Question 39

the search for stability--> treadmill example: explain the attractor state, perturbation, and rate limiter

Answer 39

-attractor= represented by wells/basins (large dips), the deeper the well the more attractive the state--> walking on the treadmill is the most attractive state because it is the easiest to maintain for longer period of time -perturbation= disturbance of motion, course, arrangement, or state, so it results in new attractor state --> phase shift -rate limiter= individual or system constraint that holds back/slows down emergence of skill (for treadmill example would be heart rate)

Question 40

why is each body system considered a constraint

Answer 40

do not develop at the same rate

Question 41

dynamic systems: development or emergence of a certain skill is only as advanced as the _____________ "a team is only as good as its weakest player"--> an infant with advanced cognitive system who capacity to walk but has weak legs is limited by muscular system

Answer 41

least developed system

Question 42

true or false: dynamic systems across lifespan, the concept of a rate-limiter or controller applies into older adulthood

Answer 42

true

Question 43

dynamic systems across lifespan: when one or more of an individual's systems has declined to a critical point, a change in ______ might occur...

Answer 43

behavior

Question 44

give example of how behavior might change when individual systems reach critical point (dynamic systems across lifespan)

Answer 44

arthritis in the knees might affect how well can use stairs so instead of climbing stairs the behavior would change to use a motorized lift chair

Question 45

what are the 3 distinct models of motor

Answer 45

1. phases/stages/hourglass 2. mountain of motor development 3. stodden's model

Question 46

What are the 4 phases and corresponding stages of the hourglass model

Answer 46

1. reflexive 2. rudimentary 3. fundamental 4. specialized

Question 47

describe the corresponding stages of the reflexive movement phase

Answer 47

-information encoding stage aka gathering stage=in utero-4 months -information decoding stage aka processing stage= 4 months-1yo

Question 48

primary means of gathering information, seek nourishment, find protection

Answer 48

reflexes

Question 49

describe the corresponding stages of the rudimentary movement phase

Answer 49

-reflex inhibition stage = birth-1yo voluntary movements appear but are UNCONTROLLED (e.g. grasping requires the entire arm) -precontrol stage= 1-2yo integration of perceptual and motor info begins--> "pre" control so movement begins to be more concise

Question 50

describe the corresponding stages of the fundamental movement phase

Answer 50

-initial stage= 2-3yo EXAGGERATED use of the body--> 1st goal oriented attempts at skill -emerging stage= 3-5yo EXPERIENCE and exposure drives skill performance--> more rhythmic coordination -proficient stage= 5-7yo mechanically efficient, controlled, coordinated skill performance

Question 51

describe the corresponding stages of the specialized movement phase

Answer 51

-transitional stage= 7-10yo COMBINES fundamental movement skills for performance in sport/recreational settings (e.g. jumping rope, kickball) -application stage= 11-13yo cognitive sophistication + experience= participation decisions--> seek out OR avoid activities; refinement of complex skills -lifelong utilization stage= 14+ "PINNACLE" of motor development process, everything comes together--> application of skill to lifetime activites (influenced by money, motivation, opportunity, equipment)

Question 52

Describe the triangulated hourglass

Answer 52

-hourglass is descriptive -inverted triangle is explanatory -sand represents the stuff of life --> movement through phases

Question 53

what is the center of the hourglass represent

Answer 53

filters: -environment/lifestyle -heredity

Question 54

describe the emptying of the overtuned hourglass of life

Answer 54

hourglass turns over somewhere in young adulthood BUT timing of it is variable- depends on SOCIAL AND CULTURAL factors

Question 55

describe mountain of motor development

Answer 55

-phases are similar to hourglass: reflexive, preadapted, fundamental, context specific, skillful -mountain range= kids likely skillful in FEW context but not ALL and over developmental time the "geography" of model changes (e.g. elite player in highschool/college but horrible as late adult) -compensation=adjustments in performance occur because of injury or loss of strength

Question 56

add in quiz 2 questions