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Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

First people to introduce winemaking to the peninsula?

A

Phoenicians

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2
Q

Name the 3 important cities the Phoenicians founded in ‘Spain’?

A

Cadiz, Xera (Jerez), Malaka (Malaga)

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3
Q

When and where did the Greeks arrive in the Peninsula?

A

7th C BC in Tartesus (SW Spain)

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4
Q

Which part of Spain did the Greeks colonize?

A

Northeaster Coast - Cataluna to Valencia

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5
Q

When did the Roman Invasion of the Peninsula start and the outcome?

A

3rd C BC, they overran the Phoenicians and Carthaginians.

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6
Q

What is Vinum Ceretensis

A

Roman vinification method in which grape must was boiled to concentrate flavor, then added to fermenting must creating a stable, strong, sweet wine.

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7
Q

When did the Visigoths arrive in Hispania

A

5th C CE, they were a Germanic Tribe to help stave off other Germanic invaders - was eventually counterproductive

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8
Q

When did the Moors (Arabs and Berbers) arrive?

A

Early 8th C (711), near Jerez, defeated Visigoth King

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9
Q

What happened with wine production during Moorish rule (800 years)

A

Production of grape growing diminished, little exported, fans sweet wine, intro to distillation (fortified wines)

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10
Q

What is the Reconquista

A

Series of campagins (722 -1492) to reconquer Spain from Moorish hands

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11
Q

Why and when did Burgundy based Cistercians arrive

A

12th C to expand network of abbeys throughout Europe - Best soils and sites for vines, superior winemaking techniques (extended maceration, barrels full, constant temp)

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12
Q

Marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 let to what?

A

United the majority of the Peninsula under one rule - set stage for kingdom of Spain

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13
Q

Who was Don Juan Manuel

A

14th C ruler of Penafiel in Ribera del Duero who issued ordinances related to wine trade and vineyard practices (

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14
Q

When did Portugal gain independence

A

1688, Treaty of Lisbon

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15
Q

Which wines were popular in early 1500s for transport to the west.

A

Sherry

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16
Q

Who introduced fortification as a preservative

A

The Dutch (1600s)

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17
Q

What and when was the War of Spanish Succession

A

1701, as a result of the death of King Charles II who had no heir. Crown passed to Philip, grandson of French Louis XIV. Created unrest of a possible unified France and Spain. Treaties of land swaps ended war

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18
Q

What happened during the Napoleonic Wars

A

Spain invaded by France in 1808 and King Ferdinand VII deposed and replaced by Napoleon’s brother, Joseph. Vineyards of Rioja devastated. In 1814, France defeated and Ferdinand reinstated.

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19
Q

What was the result of the Spanish American War

A

1898, Spain lost and give up all it’s remaining territories

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20
Q

Who is responsible for introducing modern winemaking techniques from Bordeaux

A

Luciano Murrieta

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21
Q

Why did so many Bordeaux and Burgundy winemakers come to Nothern Spain.

A

To buy wine in bulk or find vineyards for their grape production b/c their own vineyards were ravaged by Phylloxera.

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22
Q

What was the impact of these French winemakers that came to Spain to escape phylloxera

A

Capital, grape varieties, 225 liter barrels, technical expertise —> quality

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23
Q

Who brought Cab Sauvignon, Marlbec,and Merlot cuttings to Ribera del Duero. What was / is the name of the estate?

A

Eloy Lecanda, (1864) - Vega Sicilia Estate

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24
Q

To combat phylloxera, what species of rootstock is used to graft V. Vinifera on?

A

Vitis Labrusca

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25
who was Spain’s first military dictator
Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923-1930)
26
When was the first regulatory body for Rioja created
1926, but no active until mid 1950s
27
When was the first Consejo Regulador
Sherry, 1932
28
When was Franco’s rule and his impact on wine
1939-1975. Reduced access to foreign investment, decimated white wines, killed reputation of Spanish wines
29
When did Rioja declare the vintage of the century
1970
30
Start of the Denominacion te Origin
1970
31
When did Spain ratify the constitution of the Constitutional monarchy
1978
32
When did Spain join the European Economic Community and Union
1986, 1993
33
Top 3 wine producing countries
Italy, France, Spain
34
Country with most land under vine
Spain
35
Name all 17 autonomous communities in Spain
Galicia, Asturia, Cantabria, Pais Vasco, Navarro, La Rioja, Aragon, Cataluna, Castilla y Leon, Communidad de Madrid, Extramadura, Castilla La Mancha, Communidad Valencia, Andalusia, Region de Murcia, Islas Baleares, Islas Canarias
36
Spain is the X largest country in Europe
3rd
37
Spain is the X most mountainous in Europe and Y highest
3rd most mountainous and 2nd highest
38
What is the plateau at the center of the country called
Meseta
39
What are the mountains that create the border between FRance and Spain called. And it’s highest peak
Pirineos, Pico de Aneto
40
Name of the range between Pyrenees and Macizo Galaico
Cordillera Cantabrica
41
Where are the Picos de Europa
Southern portion of the Cordillera Cantabria, north part of Castilla y Leon
42
What is the Systema Iberico
Separates the Meseta from the Ebro Valley. Runs from Rioja to Valencia
43
Name the two mountain ranges that enclose La Rioja
Sierra de Cantabria and Sierra de la Demanda
44
What is the Sistema Central
Splits the Meseta in two Castilla y Leon from Extramadura and Castilla La Mancha
45
name the two primary mountain ranges as part of the sistema Central
Sierra de Gretas (between Leon and Extramadura) and Sierra de Guadarrama (between Leon and Madrid)
46
Highest point in the Sistema Central
Pico Almanzor
47
What is the main range in Cataluna
Cordilleras Costello-Catalanas
48
What are the Montes de Toledo
On the Meseta separating Tajo and Guadiana rivers
49
What is the Sierra de Guadalupe
Western points of the Montes de Toledo
50
What is Sierra Morena
Northern part of Andalucia
51
What is the Sistema Betico
Southern Andalucia - Gulf of Cadiz through Murcia, in sea, to Islas Baleares. Three ranges: Prebetica, Penibetica, Subbetica
52
Highest Mountain in Spain
Pico del Teide - Tenerife, Islas Canarias
53
Name the two most significant lowland areas
Ebro Basin and Andalusian Plan
54
Name the three primary bodies of water surrounding Spain
Bay of Biscay, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea
55
Name the five primary rivers
Tajo, Ebro, Duero, Guadiana, Guadalquivir
56
What is the longest river in the peninsula and what is the longest in Spain
Tajo, Ebro is longest in Spain
57
Where does the Tajo drain
Atlantic, near Lisbon
58
Where does the Ebro drain
Tarragona, Mediterranean
59
Where does the Duero drain
Atlantic, near Porto
60
Where do the Guadiana and Guadalquivir drain
Gulf of Cadiz
61
3 types of soil
Metamorphic, sedimentary, volcanic
62
What is metamorphic rock and where found generally
Substance modified by heat and pressure. Found in mountain ranges
63
What is licorella
Unique soil (metamorphic) of layer of slate and shale found in Priorat. Vines must dig deep
64
What is sedimentary soil and where found
Formed by water and wind deposits of organic materials. Coastline and Meseta and Las Islas Baleares.
65
Examples of sedimentary soil
Limestone, chalk, sand, clay
66
What is Limestone -
Sedimentary rock with high concentration of calcite. Alluvial deposits of shellfish, coral etc.
67
What is chalk
Porous, soft, white form of limestone
68
What is the special soil in Andalucia called
Albariza - white chalky soil mixed with limestone sand and clay.
69
What is volcanic soil and where found
Result of volcanic eruption. High concentration of carbonates and sulfates, porous and holds air and water, creates pronounced aromatics Found in Islas Canarias, especially Lanzarotte, and Rias Baixas (Granite)
70
Examples of Volcanic soil
Igneous rock, granite
71
Name the 4 climates of Spain
Maritime - Green Spain Continental - central / inland Mediterranean- West/ south coast Subtropical - Islas Canarias
72
In the Meseta when are the rain season
Both spring and Fall However, north is rainier in the spring, south is rainier in the fall
73
When does rain occur in Mediterranean climate
Late fall and winter
74
What is the Leveche
Hot dry dust laden SW wind from North Africa, felt most strongly over Valencia and Alicante in Spring
75
What is the Solano or Levante
Hot dry Easterly wind between prebetica and Africa in Winter. Can also be in Spring / Summer on Andalusian plain and can cause flash floods
76
What is the Poniente
West wind through Andalucia bringing humid air
77
Spain is the number one wine exporter T/F
True - 22% of market share
78
Name the top 3 autonomous communities responsible for 60% of all wine produced
Castilla La Mancha, Cataluna, La Rioja
79
3 main vine training systems and describe
Pergola / Parall - Max air circulation,prevent mildew and even ripening (Galicia) Gobolet / En Vaso - bush , overhang to prevent burn, head pruned VSP / Espaldera - narrow curtain, drip irrigation, spur pruned
80
What is the planting method that looks like a chessboard called
Marco real - decreases hydric stress
81
What is en cabeza
When a En vaso bush is trained downward to protect fruit from sunburn
82
How many native grapes
About 200
83
89% of wines in Spain are produced by X varieties
20
84
Cab Franc is a crossing of?
Morenoa and Hondarribi Beltza
85
Carmenere is a cross between?
Gros Cabernet (Hondaribbi Beltza X Fer) and Cab Franc
86
Top six grapes - 65% of all vineyard
All indigenous Airen, Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnach Tinta, Macabeo/Viura, Monastrell
87
What is mutage
Adding spirit to wine to obtain a stable sweet wine
88
What are the traditional clay jars for fermentation called
Tinajas
89
Main type of oak used for aging
American (Vanilla), beginning to use Hungarian and French as well
90
Name the 3 traditional aging terms and aging requirements
Noble - 18 mo in cask Anejo (Mature), 24 mo Viejo (Old), 36 mo
91
Modern aging terms and minimum times for red wines
Joven: None, 1st year after harvest Crianza: 6 mo, 24 mo Reserva: 12 mon, 36 mo Gran Reserva: 18 mo, 60 mo
92
Modern aging terms and minimum times for white wines
Joven: none, 1st year after harvest Crianza: 6 mo, 18 mo Reserva: 6 mo, 24 mo Gran Reserva: 6 mo, 48 mo
93
Two methods for making Rosada
Direct Press and Saignee
94
Spanish for Sparkling wine
Vino Espumoso
95
Spanish for the mixture of sugar and yeast added to start 2nd fermentation
Licor de tiraje
96
First sparkling Spanish wine of fame?
1872, Raventos of Cordoniu Estate in Cataluna — dug cool cellar cave (Cava)
97
First official mention of Cava
1959 - Trade Regulations of Sparkling and Fizzy Wines
98
3 traditional grapes for Cava and 2 extra for Rosado
Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada. And Garnacha Tinta, Trepat
99
Min aging for Cava
9 mo
100
Spanish version of gyropalette
Girasol - manual - riddle from months to weeks
101
Spanish for Fortified Wines
Vino Generoso
102
Grapes authorized for sherry
Palomino, Pedro Ximenez, Moscatel
103
What is the spirit called added to fortify sherry
Destilado - from Airen grapes in La Mancha
104
DO exclusively dedicated to sweet wines
Malaga - Moscatel
105
What is Fondillon
Sweet wine from Alicante using overripe Monastrell. And aged fro min of 10 years in Solera
106
Where is the largest expanse of malvasia grapes
Lanzarote - Islas Canarias
107
Year of Consejo Regulador in Rioja and purpose
1926, to control use of name Rioja and quality
108
When and by what was the Denominacion de Origin stature replaced
1970, Statute on Vineyard, Wine and Alcohol Regulations and created a national Institute for DO
109
What eventually happened with the Institute of DO
1978 - decentralized , back to Consejo Regulador organizations, under Ministry of Agriculture to protect DOs
110
2 categories under of quality wine under EU rules
Wines with Geographical Origin DOP / PDO IGP / PGI Wines without Geographical Origin Vino / Wine
111
List the Spanish categories of DOP/PDO wines and number
DOCa - 2 DO - 68 VC (Vino de Calidad con Idicacion Geografica) - 7 VP (vino de Pago) - 19
112
Min requirement for a DOCa
Min of 10 years as DO. Double price point of national average of DO wines
113
Min requirements for DO
Quality recognized for min of 5 years, authorized grapes, production levels, winemaking methods, aging times, all produced and bottled within region
114
What is a vino de Pago
Single estate (Pago =. Vineyard). High esteemed estate with unique soil or mesoclimate. Produced and bottled within estate. Can set its own rules - very flexible (like super Tuscan)
115
Spanish IGP / PGI categorization
VT - Vino de la Tierra (42). — more relaxed, in addition to geography, min alcohol content
116
6 required items on label
1. Name of quality designation - DO, DOCa, etc. 2. Name of region/appelation 3. Alc by vol 4. Country 5. Name of producer or bottler (importer required if imported) 6. Volume
117
Added required label item for sparkling wine
Sugar content (i.e. dosage)

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