Fundamentals

Question 1

Early manifestations of hypoxia

Answer 1

Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Restlessness, anxiety, confusion
Pale skin, mucous membranes
Elevated blood pressure
Use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, adventitious lung sounds​​​​​​​

Question 2

Late manifestations of hypoxia

Answer 2

Stupor
Cyanotic skin, mucous membranes
Bradypnea
Bradycardia
Hypotension
Cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 3

Cane Instructions

Answer 3

Maintain two points of support on the ground at all times.
Keep the cane on the stronger side of the body.
Support body weight on both legs.
Move the cane forward 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in).
Next, move the weaker leg forward toward the cane.
Finally, advance the stronger leg past the cane

Question 4

What is the normal range for Potassium?

Answer 4

3.5 - 5.0

Potassium is vital for heart and muscle function.

Question 5

What is the normal range for Sodium?

Answer 5

135 - 145

Sodium is crucial for maintaining blood pressure, volume, and pH balance.

Question 6

What is the normal range for Chloride?

Answer 6

97 - 107

Chloride helps maintain fluid balance and osmotic pressure.

Question 7

What is the normal range for Magnesium?

Answer 7

1.3 - 2.1

Magnesium is important for muscle relaxation.

Question 8

HYPERkalemia symptoms

Answer 8

“tight and contracted”
Heart - ST elevation, peaked T waves, V Fib, or cardiac standstill, ⬇️BP, ⬇️HR
GI - Diarrhea, hyperactive BS
Neuromuscular - contracted paralysis, ⬆️DTR, muscle weakness

Question 9

List symptoms of HYPERnatremia.

Answer 9

“Big and Bloated”
Skin - flush, edema, low grade fever
Polysipsia
Swollen dry tongue
Nausea and vomiting
⬆️muscle tone

Question 10

List symptoms of HYPERmagnesemia.

Answer 10

“Calm and quiet”
Heart - Heart block, prolonged PR, ⬇️BP, ⬇️HR
Hyporeflexia
Depressed shallow respirations
hypoactive BS

Question 11

List three symptoms of hypokalemia.

Answer 11

“low and slow”
Heart - Flat T waves, ST depression, prominant U Wave
⬇️ muscles - ⬇️DTR, flacid paralysis
⬇️GI -Constipation, ⬇️motility, ab stistension, ⬇️BS, paralytic ileus

Question 12

List symptoms of hyponatremia.

Answer 12

“Depressed & deflated”
Neuro - Seizures, coma
Tachycardia & Weak thready pulses
Respiratory arrest

Question 13

List symptoms of hypomagnesemia.

Answer 13

“Buck wild”
Cardiac - ST depression, T wave inversion, Torsades de points, V fib, ⬆️HR
⬆️DTR
Abnormal eye movements
Diarrhea

Question 14

What is the normal range for Calcium?

Answer 14

9.0 - 10.5

Calcium is essential for bone strength, blood clotting, and heart function.

Question 15

List symptoms of hypophosphatemia.

Answer 15

“Swollen and slow - moans, growns, and stones”
Decreased HR
Decreased RR
Increased BP
Contipation
⬇️DTR, weak muscles
kidney stones

Question 16

List symptoms of hypercalcemia.

Answer 16

“Swollen & slow - moans, groans, and stones”
Constipation
Bone pain
Renal calculi
Decreased DTR
Severe muscle weakness

Question 17

Symptoms of Hypochloremia

Answer 17

Excessive Diarrhea, vomitting, sweating
Fever (key difference from low Na+)

Question 18

Sypmtoms of Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 18

“dance party @ taco bell”
Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek’s sign
Diarrhea
Weak Bs - bones (fractures), blood (bleeding), beats (cardiac dysrythmias)

Question 19

Hypercholremia

Answer 19

nearly the same as high Na+
N/V
Swollen, dry tongue
Confusion

Question 21

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Answer 21

“dance party @ taco bell”
Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek’s sign
Diarrhea
Weak Bs - bones (fractures), blood (bleeding), beats (cardiac dysrythmias)