Fundamentals Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
What is a great circle?
A
- The largest circle that can be drawn on the Earth’s surface
- Divides the Earth into two equal halves
- E.g. equator
- Meridian + opposite meridian form a great circle
- Shortest distance between two points on Earth
2
Q
Small circles
A
- Any circle on the surface of the earth that does not divide the earth into two equal halves.
- Any latitude lone other than the equator represents a small circle on the globe
3
Q
Rhumb lines
A
- AKA loxofrome
- Represents a path of constant bearing or azimuth
- Curve that corsses each meridian at the same angle
- On Mercator projection map, rhumb lines appear as straight lines.
- Not the shortest distance between two points on the Earth’s surface
4
Q
Parallels of latitude
A
- Imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel to the equator
- Used to measure distances north or south of the equator
- Referred to as small circles that have their plan 90 degrees to the Earth’s axis (excluding the equator)
- All small circles except for the equator
5
Q
Meridians of longitude
A
- Imaginary vertical lines that run from the North to the South Pole
- Used to measure distances east or west of the Prime Meridian
- Every 15 degrees of longitude represents one hour of time difference leading to the concept of time zones
- Half a great circle - when combined with opposite meridian = great circle.
6
Q
Greenwich (Prime) Meridian
A
- Meridian on longitude define to be 0 degrees E/W
- What we measure from
7
Q
Relative bearing
A
- The bearing measured clockwise from the nose of the aircraft
- Treat nose of the aircraft as 0 degrees.
E.g
Object in front of aircraft = 0 degrees
Object to right = 90 degrees
Object behind = 180 degrees
Object to left = 270 degrees
8
Q
Back bearing
A
- Opposite bearing from the relative bearing.
- Relative bearing +/- 180 degrees.
9
Q
Units of distance
A
Visibility - metres or kilometres
Altitude - feet
Nautical mile - distance
1 nautical mile = 1.852 kilometres, 1.15 statute miles
1 metres = 3. 281 feet
10
Q
Knot (kt)
A
- Standard unit of measurement for airspeed and wind speed
- 1 nm per hour
- 1kt =-0.514 m/s 1.852km/hr
- 1 kt = 1 min of latitude
11
Q
Indicated airspeed (IAS)
A
- Speed registered on ASI
- Amount of air molecules flowing around the aircraft
12
Q
Calibrated airspeed
A
- IAS corrected for position and instrument error
13
Q
Equivalent airspeed
A
- CAS corrected for compressibility error
- EAS becomes relevant when TAS is greater than 250kts
14
Q
True airspeed
A
- EAS corrected for density error
- Actual airspeed of the aircraft through the air
15
Q
Ground speed
A
- Speed of the aircraft relative to the ground.
16
Q
TAS and pressure
A
- AS the altitude increases pressure decreases, increasing the gap between IAS and TAS
- With a constant IAS and a gain in altitude, TAS will increase
- With a constant TAS and a gain in altitude IAS will decrease
17
Q
TAS and air temperature
A
- Flying through warm air will give an increase in TAS if IAS remains constant
- Flying through cold air will give a decrease in TAS if IAS remains constant.
18
Q
TAS and air density
A
- Increase in altitude = decrease in density
- The higher you fly, the greater the difference between TAS and IAS due to the reduction in air density.
19
Q
Waypoint
A
- Location/fix defined by latitude and longitude coordinates.
- Can be entered into a GPS
- Flyby - used when an aircraft should begin a turn to the nexts course prior to reaching the waypoint separating the two route segments
- Flyover waypoint - the aircraft must overfly the waypoint prior to starting a turn to the new course
20
Q
Place/bearing/distance
A
- Requires a reference point
- From this point you are then given a bearing and a distance
- Bearing can be from, to, relative, true, or magnetic
21
Q
Latitude and longitude
A
- Longitude = east/west
- Latitude = north/south
E.g. 37degrees 00’ 29’’
37 degrees, 00 minutes, 29 seconds
22
Q
Earth based navigation aids
A
- VOR, NDB, DME
- DME = distance measuring equipment
- NDB = give position reference
- Workings in the same manner as the place/bearing/distance technique
- Bearing can be worked out using an ADF in the aircraft and the distance using a DME
- ADF instrument is a need that points towards the NDB or VOR station that is tuned in, gives relative bearing to the station.
23
Q
Track
A
Actual path that the aircraft is following - usually expressed in degrees true or magnetic.
24
Q
Drift
A
The angle between the track and the nose of the aircraft.
- Right drift if the track is to the right of the nose
- Left drift when the track is to the left
25
Relative bearing
- The direction to an object from the nose of the aircraft.
26
Radial
- Represents a specific magnetic bearing extending outward from a station (VOR,NDB)
E.g.
If you are east of a VOR, you will be on its 090 radial
If you are flying away from the VOR it is said “flying from”, if you are flying toward the VOR, it is said “flying to”.
27
Indicated altitude
- Altitude on the altimeter and is dependant on the QNH set on the sub-scale.
- Corrected for position and instrument error.
28
True altitude
- The actual height above mean sea level at which the aircraft is flying.
29
Pressure altitude, flight level
PA = height above a given datum, the 113.25hPa level.
What you fly at when using flight levels.
30
Density altitude
DA = altitude in the ISA at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density at the place being considered.
- How dense the air is at a certain altitude corrected for non-standard ISA temperature.
31
Transition layer
- Aircraft flying above FL150 use flight levels
- Aircraft flying below 13,000ft fly with the local QNH set on the subscale
- When climbing through FL150, pilot needs to set subscale to 1013.25, and vice versa.
- 13,000ft is called the transition altitude
- FL150 is called the transition layer
32
QNH
- Local pressure at MSL
- When set, the altimeter reads altitude
33
QFE
- Atmospheric pressure at the aerodrome level or at runway threshold.
- Used to read height above ground when flying
34
VFR table of cruising levels
- When your magnetic track is between 270°M – 89°M (northbound) you must fly at odd altitudes or flight levels
- When your magnetic track is between 90°M – 269°M (southbound) you must fly at even altitudes and flight levels
- This rule must be followed when flying above (not including) 3000ft AMSL or 1000ft AGL whichever is the highest.
- NOSE: North Odd, South Even
- VFR traffic needs to add 500ft to any cruising altitudes of flight levels
35
Changes in pressure
From high to low read high be low
36
Changes in temperature
From high to low read high be low
37
Flight level
- Plane is following a level of constant pressure 1013.25 rather than maintaining a constant true altitude
38
Local Mean Time (LMT)
- Based on the position of mean (average) sun at a specific geographical longitude.
39
Calculating Local Mean Time
Longitude 360 degrees, time = 24hrs
15 = 1 hr
1 = 4 mins
15’ =4.572 m 1 min
1’ = 4 sec
- If longitude is east of Greenwich’s meridian you need to add time.
- If longitude is west of Greenwich’s meridian you need to subtract time.
- Date and time is usually expressed in six figures
E.g. 100826
40
Converting to NZDT
UTC + 13
41
Converting to NZST
UTC + 12
