Fundamentals Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
When and where did the Phoenicians arrive in Spain and what did they introduce
A
Southern Spain around 3,000 years ago. Introduced iron. olive oil, vitis vinifera, wine making and amphorae for wine transport
2
Q
When and where did the Celts settle in Spain
A
From the 10th to 7th Century BC in Northern Spain
3
Q
When and where did the Greeks settle in Spain
A
Around 7th century BC in NE Spain ( Catalunya and Valencia )
4
Q
What did the Greeks name Spain and after what geographic feature
A
Iberia after the river Iber ( Ebro )
5
Q
Who arrived after the fall of Phoenacia and when
A
The Carthaginians around 6th century BC
6
Q
When did the Romans arrive
A
3rd century BC
7
Q
Which 2 parties fought over the Ebro River valley during the Roman invasion and who won
A
The Vascones and Celtiberians. The Celtiberians won
8
Q
When the Romans conquered the whole peninsula what did they name it
A
Hispania
9
Q
What was the Roman method of vinification called and what style of wine did it produce
A
Vinum Ceretensis. Strong sweet wine
10
Q
Which Germanic tribes migrated to Spain in the 5th century AD and with whom did the Romans contract to try and repel them
A
Vandals, Alans, Hasdingi and Silingi. Romans contracted with the Visigoths who eventually conquered them
11
Q
Which 2 peoples are referred to collectively as the Moors and when did they arrive in Spain to defeat the Visigoths
A
Arabs and Berbers. Arrived in 711 and defeated in 1492
12
Q
Why did the Moors most likely tolerate wine production
A
They taxed it and also enjoyed nabibi, a sweet wine from the south made with raisins
13
Q
For how long did the Moors rule an Islamic Spain
A
800 years
14
Q
What was the Reconquista and when did it start
A
The recapture of Spain from the Moors by the Christians. Started in 722 in the battle of Covadonga
15
Q
Where would the pilgrims head to in N Spain on their pilgrimage
A
Santiago de Compostela
16
Q
Which Burgundy based people arrived in Spain during the 12th century AD and what impact did they have on wine making methods
A
Cistertian monks were renowned farmers who were known for choosing the best soils and sites for planting vines. They introduced extended maceration, constant cellar temps and keeping barrels full to reduce oxidation
17
Q
Which English king started trading wine from Spain in the 12th century AD. What was the wine called and where was it from
A
Henry 1. Sherish. sherries sack or sack produced near Jerez de la Frontera
18
Q
Which wedding united the majority of Spain under one rule and when was it
A
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469
19
Q
What was the final Moorish stronghold and when was it conquered so concluding the reconquista
A
Granada in 1492
20
Q
What was the Spanish Inquisition and when did it start
A
The Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or face expulsion. A decade long effort starting in 1492.
21
Q
Who authorized Columbus’ first voyage and when
A
Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492
22
Q
What treaty gave Portugal independence from Spain and when was it signed
A
Treaty of Lisbon in 1668
23
Q
During the 16 and 17th centuries from where was wine exported through Dutch and English traders
A
Bilbao and Santander
24
Q
Who invented which method of extending wine shelf life in which century
A
Dutch introduced fortification in the 1600s
25
When were the 3 Carlist wars
During the 1600s
26
Which war started in 1701 due to a French king taking the Spanish throne
The War of Succession
27
What was the treaty of Madrid and when was it signed
End of hostility between Spain and Portugal signed in 1750
28
Which Spanish king was deposed by the French during the Napoleonic wars and when did this occur. When was he reinstated as King
Ferdinand VII deposed in 1808 and reinstated in 1814
29
Which 2 visionaries revolutionised wine making in Rioja in the mid 19th century
Baldomero Espartero and Luciano Murrieta
30
Which advancements in wine making did Murrieta introduce
Large vats for crushing and fermentation to reduce heat and oxidation. Small oak barrels for maturation
31
What ravaged the vineyards of Galicia in the 1850s
Powdery Mildew
32
Who tried to introduce aging of Spanish wine in the 1785. Why did it fail
Don Manuel Quintano. Failed because exported wine at the time had to be of uniform price and oak barrels were too expensive
33
What did the government of Rioja do to curb the export of wine to France during the Phyloxera crisis
Banned Bodagas producing less than 750k liters of wine per year from exporting
34
Where did French winemakers settle in Spain during Phyloxera
Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Catalunya and Navarra
35
When did the Vega Sicilia estate marry international and indigenous grapes with great success. Who was responsible for this and which international grapes did he bring back from Bordeaux
Don Eloy Lecanda y Chaves in 1864. Malbec, Cabernet and Merlot
36
Who invented Cava and when was it first produced
Josep Raventos i Fatjo. In 1872
37
When did Phyloxera hit Spain and why did it not impact the wine industry as hard as other countries
In the 1890s. Because a solution had already been found
38
Why did Spain's wine industry continue to grow in WW1
It remained neutral and supplied both sides
39
What is the name of the bodies which were formed to control and regulate the Spanish wine industry. When did these start to form
Consejo Regulador. In the 1920's and 30's
40
Which war saw Franco take power and when was it fought. Which countries supported him
1936 - 1939 the Spanish Civil War. Franco lead the victorious pro church right wing Nationalists. Supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
41
Which side did Franco led Spain take in WW2
It remained neutral
42
What effect did Franco's policies have on the wine industry
He stifled investment and considered that wine should only be consumed for sacramental purposes. He ordered vineyards to be torn up and replanted
43
After WW2 what was the reputation of Spanish wine. What was the result
Poor. Due to a lack of investment large wine corporations appeared producing largely crappy bulk wine
44
When did the Spanish wine industry start to reinvent itself after WW2
1950's and 60's
45
When did Franco die. What occured as a result in terms of Spain's leadership
20 Nov 1975. Monarchy was reestablished - Juan Carlos was named King
46
When was Spains 17 autonomous communities formed
1978
47
What resulted in economic investment in neglected regions like La Mancha and Galicia
Spain joined the EEC in 1986 which then became the EU in 1993. Funding was received via the European Regional Development Fund
48
When was irrigation made legal in Spain
1996
49
True or False France has the most land under vine
False. Spain does
50
In addition to Castilian which languages are officially recognized as a result of the 1978 constitution
Catalan, Galician, Basque and Valencian
51
What are the 17 autonomous regions and their capitals
Galicia ( Santiago de Compostela ), Asturias ( Ovieto), Cantabria ( Santander), Pais Vasco ( Vitoria-Gasteiz), Navarra ( Pamplona), Aragon (Zarragoza), La Rioja
( Logrono), Catalunya (Barcelona), Castilla y Leon (Valladolid), Communidad de Madrid ( Madrid ), Communidad Valenciana ( Valencia ). Castilla La Mancha ( Teledo ), Extremadura (Merida), Murcia ( Murcia), Andalucia (Sevilla), Las Islas Baleares ( Palma de Mallorca), Las Islas Canarias ( Las Palmas de Gran Canarias / Santa Cruz de Tenerife )
52
What is the large plateau occupying the central part of Spain. How much of Spain does it occupy
The Meseta. 45%
53
What is the highest peak in the Pireneos. Which region is it found in
Aneto 11,000 ft in Navarra
54
Which range spans from the W edge of the Pirineos to Galicia. Which 4 regions does it cross
Cordillera Cantabrica. Pais Vasco, Cantabria, Asturias and Galicia
55
Which range is part of the Cordillera Cantabrica and is known to have some of the worlds deepest caves. Which 3 regions does it cross
Picos de Europa. Asturias, Cantabria and Castilla y Leon
56
Which range runs NW to SE from near the Cantabrica to the Med coast
Sistema Iberico
57
Where is the Sistema Central
Runs east / NE to West / SW along the southern border of Castilla y Leon and the northern border of Extremadura splitting the Meseta in two.
58
What are the 2 primary ranges of the Sistema Central. What is the highest peak
Sierra de Guadarrama ( east ) and Sierra de Gredos (west). Pico Almanzor ( 8,500ft)
59
What range is found in Catalunya
Cordilleras Costero Catalanas runs NE to SW parallel to the med coast
60
Which mountain range is on the Meseta and forms the N border of La Mancha within Castilla La Mancha
Montes de Toledo ( runs east to west )
61
Where is the Sierra Morena
Runs east - west along the S border of the Meseta near N Andalucia
62
Where is the Sierra Betico what is it divided into
Runs SW to NE from gulf of Cadiz to southern Valencia. Divided into Prebetica, Subbetica and Penebetica
63
What is the highest point on Mainland Spain
Mulhacen at 11,414 ft
64
Where is Spains highest peak and what is it called. What is notable about it apart from its height
Pico del Teide ( 12,000ft) on Tenerife. It is an active volcano
65
What 3 ranges border the Ebro Basin
Cantabrica NW, Pirineos NE and Iberico SW
66
What 2 ranges border the Andalucian Plain
Sierra Morena N and Sistema Betico S
67
What are the 5 primary rivers of Spain by length. Which direction do they flow
Tajo/Tagus, Ebro, Duero, Guadiana and Guadalquivir. All flow south and westward towards the Atlantic except the Ebro which flows towards the Med
68
What is the longest river entirely within Spain ( ie not Portugal also )
Ebro
69
What are the 3 categories of soil found in Spain
Metamorphic ( shale, slate & schist), Sedimentary ( limestone & chalk ) and Volcanic (granite)
70
where are metamorphic soils primarily found in Spain
Northern areas Green Spain, Rioja, Castilla y Leon, Aragon, Navarra and Catalunya
71
what is the name of the soil found in Priorat
Lllicorella
72
where in Spain is predominantly sedimentary soil
Coastline and Meseta
73
what is the name of the sedimentary soil found in Jerez
Albariza
74
where in Spain are volcanic soils found
Canary Islands
75
What are the climatic zones of Spain and where are they found
Mediterranean ( coastline ), Maritime ( green spain ) and continental ( Meseta and the rest ), subtropical ( canary islands)
76
what is the name of the weather phenomenon which impacts Andalucia and Valencia in Spring
Leveche a hot dry wind which blows from the SW originating in N Africa
77
what is the name of the wind which impacts the southern levante to the portuguese border
Levante or Solano - a strong hot easterly wind which is funneled between the Penbetica and Atlas Mtns in N Africa
78
What is the Poniente and where does it impact
Humid westerly wind which blows through southern Andalucia.
79
What is Spains most widely planted grape and what are its primary regions
Airen grown in Castilla La Mancha and Valdepenas
80
Where is Alarije found and what is it's synonym
Extremadura. Subirat Parent
81
Which region has claimed origin of Albarino
Val do Salnes in Galicia. Primary DO Rias Baixas
82
What is the grape otherwise known as Turruntes
Albilla Mayor
83
Apart from Albillo Mayor what is the other main Albillo grape
Albillo Real
84
what are the characteristics of Garnacha Blanca wine
High alcohol, low acid prone to oxidation, floral notes
85
where is Godello a major white grape. What are the wines characteristics
Galica in Valdeorras. High alcohol, full bodied with good acidity. Capable of aging
86
What are the primary DOs for Hondarrabi Zuri
DO Arabako, DO Getaria, DO Bizkaia
87
Where is Macabeo native to. Describe the wines
Catalunya, aromatically subtle, low to med acid, responds well to barrel aging as it is resistant to oxidation
88
what are the synonyms for Malvasia Aromatica
Malvasia de Sitges, Malvasia de Tenerife
89
what white grape is native to Aragon
Parellada
90
True or False. Picapoll Blanco is native to Valencia and is related to Picpoul Blanc found in France
False. It is native to Catalunya and unrelated
91
Describe the profile of Treixadura
Citrus and stone fruit aromatics
92
what is the major DO for Verdejo. What is its synonym
Rueda, Albilla de Nava
93
where is xarel-lo beleived to have come from
Sitges in Catalunya
94
what is the synonym for Alicante Bouschet
Garnacha Tintorera
95
where is Bobal native to. Describe its character
Uteil-Requena in Valencia. Deeply pigmented, moderate alcohol, bright acidity and supple tannin
96
what is the synonym for Carinena
Mazuelo. Tannic, high acid deeply pigmented
97
where is Garnacha Tinta native to
Aragon. High alcohol, red berry fruit, moderate acid and pigment. Prone to oxidation
98
which basque grape is one of the parents of Cab Franc
Hondarrabi Beltza
99
where is Mecia believed to originate
Bierzo. Vibrant wines with soft tannin
100
describe wines made from Monastrell
dark fruit, high tannin, high alcohol, wild gamey flavors
101
describe the profile of Tempranillo
red fruit flavors, low to med acid, high tannin, moderate alcohol. Flavors not overly fruity - tends toward leather, spice with notes of balsa wood and malt
102
what are the synonyms of Tempranillo
Cencibel, Tinto Fino, Tinto del Pais, Tinta de Torro, Ull de Llebre, Aragones, Tinto de Madrid, Arauxa, Tinta Roriz
103
For what flavors it Trepat prized
Berry fruit and spice
104
why is Spain only the 3rd largest producer of wine when it has the most land under vine
It's plantings are less dense to avoid hydric stress and reduce yields
105
what are Spain's wine export figures
22% of the export market. It is the worlds number one wine exporter
106
what are the top 3 wine producing autonomous regions
Castilla la Mancha, Catalunya and La Rioja
107
what are the 3 primary vine training systems used in Spain
Pergola, VSP and Gobelet
108
what is the name of the overhead wire used in Pergola training. Why is it popular in N Spain
Parra. Region is very wet so overhead arrangement promotes air circulation to avoid mildew and allows even ripening
109
What is another name for Gobelet training
En Vaso ( bush vines ) give sun burn protection
110
what is the name of the chessboard like planting system
Marco Real. Minimizes hydric stress
111
what is the name of the training system where the head of the vine is trained downward to allow the leaves to protect the fruit below from sunburn
En Cabeza
112
what is another name for VSP
Espaldera. Allows mechanization
113
approx how many native Spanish grape varieties are believed to exist
200
114
Experts believe which 3 internationally important grapes originated in Spain
Monastrell ( mourvedre ), Carinena and Garnacha
115
which of Spains indigenous white grapes is internationally important
Garnacha Blanca ( France S Rhone )
116
which international varietals have become popular in Spain
Cabernet, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc ( primarily Catalunya, Castilla La Mancha, Castilla y Leon and Navarra
117
What is the name of the technique of adding spirit to stabilize a sweet wine
Mutage
118
what is the name of the clay jars historically used to ferment wine in
Tinajas
119
what are the traditional aging terms used to denote mature and old wines
Noble (18m), Anejo (24m) and Viejo (36m)
120
Historically what were the characteristics of Spanish red wines
High alcohol but low acid....white grapes used to be blended in to increase acid
121
white grape Verdejo is prone to oxidation and was used to produce what kind of wine
Rancio style
122
what is the traditional times in barrel for the 4 red wine categories
Joven None, Crianza 6m, Reserva 12m, Gran Reserva 18m
123
what are the traditional times to release for the 4 red wine categories
Joven 1st year following harvest, Crianza 2y, Reserva 3y, Gran Reserva 5y
124
what us the traditional time in barrel for the 4 white wine categories
Joven none, Crianza 6m, Reserva 6m, Gran Reserva 6m
125
what are the traditional time to release for the 4 white wine categories
Joven ist year following harvest, Crianza 1y, Reserva 2y, Gran Reserva 4y
126
what was the shift in Rosada style in the mid 10th century and where did this originate
More provence style rose made by direct press method. Started in Catalunya and Navarra
127
describe the Saignee method of rose production
Red grapes are crushed and placed in SS tanks . Skins and juice macerate til color is achieved. Pigmented juice is bled off the tank and fermented into Rose. Remaining must is made into red wine
128
what are the primary grapes used for rosada production
Garnacha and Tempranillo
129
when was the term Cava first used
1959. A more modern reference appears in 1966
130
what is the liquor used to initiate secondary fermentation in Cava
Licor de Tiraje
131
what is the spanish name for fortified wines
Vino Generoso eg Sherry
132
what is used to fortify sherry
Destilado a distilled wine from Airen
133
which region is dedicated solely to the production of sweet wines
DO Malaga
134
what is the renowned sweet wine from Alicante. What is it made from
Fondillon made from overripe Monstrell
135
where in Spain are the largest expanse of Malvasia vines in the world
Lanzarote
136
in which 3 regions are most of the vinos de pago concentrated around
Castilla La Mancha, Navarra and Valencia
137
what was created in Rioja in 1926 to protect the quality and authenticity of the regions wine. Which regions followed suit shortly after
Consejo Regulador. Malaga and Jerez
138
when did Spain establish the DO system
1932
139
what were the first 19 regions to be awarded DO
Rioja, Malaga, Jerez, Tarragona, Priorat, Penedes, Alella, Alicante, Valencia, Utiel Requena, Cheste ( valencia ), Valdepenas, Carinena, Rueda, Rivero ( Ribeiro) Manzanilla, Malvasia - Sitges ( now Penedes), Noblejas ( DO La Mancha) and Conca de Barbera
140
when was the original DO set up revamped
1970. A central institute responsible for DO quality was established
141
when was the 1970 DO institute decentralized
when the new constitution was adopted in 1978
142
when was DOCa created
1988
143
what did the EU introduce in 2008 to try and standardize wine quality across its member nations
DOP Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
IGP Protected Geographical Indication ( PGI)
Wines without geographical origin are called Vino
144
what are the criteria for achieving DOCa
DO for 10 years, all grapes from within region, bottled in region, cost double national average
145
what are the criteria for achieving DO
use of authorized varietals, production levels, methods and aging times. Recognized as a quality wine production area for 5 years. ( VC status for 5 years)
146
what are the criteria for achieving VC ( Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geographica
Wines produced in a specific region whose quality and reputation are due to the geographic environment of that area
147
what are the criteria for achieving VP status ( Vino de Pago )
grown under the distinctive conditions representative of that area, grown, produced and bottled wholly within the estate
148
what is the major difference between VP and DO rules
VP are allowed to determine their own rules on varietals, production methods etc so they have more freedom
149
what is the criteria for achieving IGP
85% of grapes must come from that area. Wines must represent that area in terms of possessing a specific quality or characteristics which are attributable to the area
150
what are the criteria for achieving VT ( Vino de la Tierra)
country wines must come from a particular area and possess identifiable local characteristics. Must have min alcohol content
151
why do some winemakers declassify their wine to Vino de Espana
gives them more flexibility
152
what is the bottom up hierarchy of the Spanish wine quality system
Vino De La Tierra, Vino Calidad, DOC, DOCa VP
153
according to EU law what must all Spanish wine labels contain
Quality designation ( PDO, DO, DOCa, DOQ, DO, VC, VT, VC, VP etc ), name of region, alcohol content, country of origin, name of producer / importer, volume in bottle. In the case of sparkling wine the sugar content must also be shown.
154
what are optional items that could be displayed on a Spanish wine label.
Wine name, vintage, aging classification, varietal(s)
