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zIntroductory Physiotherapy Practice > Fundamentals of Biomechanics - Week 2 > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Biomechanics - Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of biomechanics?

A

kinematics and kinetics

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2
Q

What is kinematics?

A

variables that describe movements (displacement, velocity, acceleration)

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3
Q

What are the two types of kinematics?

A

linear and angular

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4
Q

What is kinetics?

A

forces that cause movements

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5
Q

What are the two types of kinetics?

A

linear force and angular torque

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6
Q

What is the difference between a scalar and vector quantity?

A 
Scalar = magnitude only, eg mass, distance, speed, time
Vector = magnitude and direction, eg force, displacement, velocity, acceleration
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7
Q

What is a scalar? Give an example

A

mass, distance, speed, time

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8
Q

What is a vector? Give us an example

A

force, displacement, velocity, acceleration

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9
Q

What are the three types of motion?

A

linear, angular and general

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10
Q

What is linear motion? Give an example.

A

translatory motion

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11
Q

What is angular motion? Give an example

A

rotation around an axis

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12
Q

What is general motion? Give an example

A

combination of both linear and angular

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13
Q

What is linear displacement? What is it measured in?

A

change in location from initial to final position; must include direction and distance in metres

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14
Q

How is linear displacement different to distance?

A

distance is the route taken, whereas displacement is a straight line drawn from the initial to final points

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15
Q

What is linear velocity? What is the formula?

A

the rate of change in displacement

velocity (v) = change in displacement (s)/change in time (t)

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16
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity?

A

speed is how fast a person or object is going, it is scalar (magnitude only)
velocity is speed in a given direction, it is a vector (magnitude and direction)

17
Q

Can you have negative velocity?

A

yes, it means movement in the opposite direction

18
Q

How is instantanous velocity different to under-estimate average velocity?

A

more accurate calculation, the smallest point of time is isolated to work out linear velocity.

19
Q

What is the first central differenceformula?

A

velocity in an instant = (displacement at frame AFTER instant - displacement at frame BEFORE instant) / (time at frame AFTER instant - time at frame BEFORE instant)

20
Q

What is linear acceleration?

A

the rate of change in velocity

21
Q

What is the formula for linear acceleration?

A

acceleration (a) = change in velocity (v)/change in time (t)

22
Q

When is acceleration 0?

A
  • at max velocity
  • at rest
  • when velocity is contant
23
Q

What is force?

A
  • pushes and pulls
  • all movement ceases and occurs due to the action of forces
  • acceleration and change in direction of an object
  • stabilises the body
  • measured in Newtons (N)
  • vector - has magnitude and direction
24
Q

What are the properties of a force?

A
  • magnitude (N) - amount of force exerted
  • point of application - where force is applied
  • direction (in degrees or rad)
  • line of action - path of the force
25
Q

What are Newtons three laws of motion?

A

1: law of inertia
2: law of acceleration
3: law of reaction

26
Q

Explain Newton’s first law of motion?

A

a body will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by a net external force
eg man on motorcycle won’t stop flying through the air unless a force hits him (fence, gravity, wind)

27
Q

What is Newton’s second law of motion?

A

the change in motion of an object is propertional to the force impressed; and is made in the direction of the straight line in which it is impressed
force = mass x acceleration

28
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

A

to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

29
Q

What are the forces acting on the body?

A

weight due to gravity, muscle, reaction forces (ground reaction forces, joint reaction forces), friction, spring force, bouyancy, air resistance

30
Q

What is mass?

A

the amount of ‘matter’ an object has, constant regardless of where you are, scalar, measuresd in kg

31
Q

What is weight?

A

the force experienced by an object due to gravity

weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (9.81m2), measured in Newtons (N), vector (direction is always down)

32
Q

What is the formula for weight?

A

weight = mass x 9.81

33
Q

Where are muscle forces exerted?

A

muscle forces are exerted at the point of application (origin/insertion)

34
Q

What is the ground reaction force?

A

action force = weight force

weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity

35
Q

How is breaking force reduced?

A

foot should fall under the body or behind the body so that the person is propelled forward

36
Q

What are types of mechanical loading in the body?

A

compression, tension, shear, torsion, bending

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