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AUDE 5310 Embryology & Genetic Conditions > Fundamentals of Genetics > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

genetics studies how

A

physical traits and diseases pass from generation to generation

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1
Q

what is genetics

A

the science of heredity

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2
Q

Genetics also is a study of molecules that examines

A

The make up genes and gene products (proteins)
How genes turn on/off
Population-based gene variations
Genes involved in biotechnology (agricultural/pharmaceutical)

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3
Q

what do genes control

A

what cells look like and what they do

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4
Q

what % of all humans are similar and what % is different??

A

99% similar, 1% different
no matter where you are or ethnicity etc.

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5
Q

genes are

A

the physical units of heredity

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6
Q

Genes, which are made up of DNA, provide instructions to make molecules called

A

proteins

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7
Q

The Human Genome Project estimates that humans have between _____ and ____ genes

A

20,000 & 25,000

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8
Q

Genes are a basic structural and functional unit of

A

genetics

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9
Q

how many copies of each gene do we have and where do they come from

A

two copies of each gene
one inherited from each parent

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10
Q

genetic info is composed of

A

defined deoxyribonucleic acid sequences and organized into
genes

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11
Q

a string of chemical building blocks or nucleotides in a DNA molecule

A

genes

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12
Q

how many nucleotides are in DNA

A

4

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13
Q

DNA stores info in form of

A

genetic code

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14
Q

what is each gene made up of?

A

a string of chemical building blocks or nucleotides

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15
Q

another term for a gene

A

allele

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16
Q

wild type allele

A

normal
allele that is present most commonly in wild and natural populations

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17
Q

what defines the type and sequence of amino acids

A

letters of each nucleotide

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18
Q

continuous unbranched chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
chain of many amino acids joined together

A

polypeptides

19
Q

what action produces the characteristic traits we see that are passed down from feneration to generation

A

proteins

20
Q

It is basically the genetic code that determines all the characteristics of a living thing
It is a large molecule in the shape of a double helix

A

DNA

21
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

contains a sugar and phosphate molecule, which make up the ‘backbone’ of DNA, and one of four organic bases (that go into making the DNA)

22
Q

repeating units of DNA

A

nucleotide

23
Q

sections of DNA at each end of chromosomes that protect it during DNA replication by forming a cap

A

telomeres

24
Q

why do chromosomes become shorter with each cell replication?

A

unable to replicate the DNA strand to its very end, resulting in the shortening of the chromosomes with each cell division due to loss of telomeres

25
Q

The condition or process of deterioration with age. The loss of a cell’s power of division and growth.

A

senescence

26
Q

slowing down period,, aging, deterioration and things ar enot functioning like they used to

A

senescence

27
Q

what accompanies aging and could explain functional decline in most body organs?

A

repetitive sequence of telomeres lacks info for protein synthesis and protects genes internally
when length of telomere is too short, gene integrity is compromised and cell enters senescence
thus the reduction in the number of cells that can divide accompanies the above

28
Q

why is there not as much interes in staying youthful younger and telomeres as before?

A

botox, filler, surgeries etc.

29
Q

hallmark of ageing

A

telomere attrition

30
Q

has an estimated heritability of 70%

A

telomere length, rest is dependent on lifestyle

31
Q

what is a homologous pair

A

set of one maternal & one paternal chromosome that pair up inside a cell during meiosis
carries genes for the same trait in the same order

32
Q

section of dna wrapped around a core of proteins

A

nucleosome

33
Q

basic repeating subunit of chromatin

A

nucleosome

34
Q

what is the backbone of dna

A

histones

35
Q

DNA & protein

A

nucleosomes

36
Q

4 bases

A

nucleotides

37
Q

what is a genotype

A

It is the genetic makeup of an organism
It is the sum of genes transmitted from parent to offspring

38
Q

what is a phenotype

A

It is the manifest characteristics of an organism collectively (expression of those genes, different in all of us)
Including anatomical and behavioral traits, that result from both its heredity and its environment

39
Q

what is a karyotype

A

looks at all 46 chromosomes
chromosomes, diagram, number and structure of chromosomes

40
Q

the product of genes

A

proteins

41
Q

the intermediate between the genes and phenotype

A

genes

42
Q

what is an example of a protein gene product

A

blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes

43
Q

what control the kinds and amounts of proteins present in cells

A

info encoded in teh dna

44
Q

dictate what dna will do

A

genes

45
Q

responsible for what you look like and building block of this comes from the genes

A

proteins

46
Q
A

AUDE 5310 Embryology & Genetic Conditions (18 decks)

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