The Cell & Cell Structure

Question 1

two main factors that cause HL

Answer 1

Infants may be born with hearing loss caused by a viral infection that was acquired during pregnancy - an environmental factor
At other times, the cause is genetic; the development of the auditory-vestibular system depends on sequential activation of multiple genes, problems with any one gene can cause a genetic hearing loss

Question 2

How many genes need to be affected to cause a genetic HL

Answer 2

just one

Question 3

something that happens later in life, after birth, environmental thing
meningitis - causes HL and can become deaf in one or both ears

Answer 3

Acquired HL

Question 4

inherited it from parents and could be born with it or it could happen later in life
some cancer genes, but breast cancer is in older girls

Answer 4

genetic HL

Question 5

why is HL complex?

Answer 5

because the process of hearing is complex

Question 6

can HL be a combo of genetic and environmental factors?

Answer 6

YES
more susceptible to antiobiotics for example

Question 7

How can understanding genetic causes of HL be important?

Answer 7

knowledge allows dr’s to inform families about chances of having children with HL and influences the way the HL is treated.
if person’s HL will get worse, sometimes predicted if the specific cause of it is known

Question 8

syndromic condition

Answer 8

two or more systems are affected

Question 9

nonsyndromic conditions

Answer 9

only one system is affected

Question 10

is it common for kids to have genetic HL even if the parents do not?

Answer 10

YES
HL can be passed onto future generations

Question 11

Why should we study cell biology in a genetics course in audiology?

Answer 11

The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

Genes control the shape, size, and function of cells
The study of cell structure and function helps us understand how genetic disorders disrupt the cellular processes

Question 12

two main types of cells

Answer 12

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Question 13

have a plasma membrane (cell wall) but do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (little organs - structures within cells)

Answer 13

prokaryotic cells

Question 14

little organs - structures within cells

Answer 14

membrane-bound organelles

Question 15

typically unicellular cells
most bacteria are this

Answer 15

prokaryotic cells

Question 16

DNA is found in a coiled loop (chromosome) floating in the cytoplasm

Answer 16

prokaryotic cell

Question 17

posses both a plasma membrane and nuclear membrane along with other organelles

Answer 17

eukaryotic cells

Question 18

nucleus has dna

Answer 18

eukaryotic cells

Question 19

all large complex species including humans have these cells

Answer 19

eukaryotic cells

Question 20

where are human chromosomes found?

Answer 20

in the nucleus

Question 21

body

Answer 21

soma

Question 22

cells that differentiate into tissues and organs the body

Answer 22

somatic cells

Question 23

Cells from which a new organism can develop
egg and sperm

Answer 23

germ cells

Question 24

everything but your sex cells
cannot build new life

Answer 24

somatic cells

Question 25

which cells can build a new life organisms develop from here

Answer 25

germ cells

Question 26

what are cells formed from

Answer 26

molecules

Question 27

The last common ancestor of life on earth was the closest thing to an autonomous biologic unit

Answer 27

cell

Question 28

what do all cells use

Answer 28

same molecular building blocks Similar methods for storage Similar cell maintenance methods Similar methods for expression of genetic information Similar processes of energy metabolism Similar methods for molecular transport and cell signaling Similar processes for cell development and structure

Question 29

how is genetic information expressed?

Answer 29

the way you look, walk, eye color, function etc is determined by genes

Question 30

ow a gene shows up in the persona, how the gene manifests itself on the person

Answer 30

gene expression

Question 31

expression of the gene that makes you function how you are

Answer 31

phenotype

Question 32

how cells communicate with each other

Answer 32

cell signaling

Question 33

how do cells help us understand why something went ary?

Answer 33

because at the cellular level, life is remarkably similar

Question 34

the transfer of information from one cell to another

Answer 34

cell signaling

Question 35

how do cells signal eachother?

Answer 35

by direct contact with eachother by release of substance (hormone or NT) from one cell that is taken up by another cell

Question 36

why do we need cell signlaing?

Answer 36

important for cells to grow and work normally

Question 37

How do cells interact

Answer 37

cell signaling

Question 38

junction bw two cells

Answer 38

synapse

Question 39

how do receptors on a receiving cel l work

Answer 39

shape of it and NT have to match, if it doesnt meat it, the signaling will not happen and whatever it is signaling is the changing in the cell and therefore will not happen

Question 40

dynamic and active component of cells It prevents the free flow of molecules in and out of the cell It controls the exchange of materials between the external environment and the cell

Answer 40

plasma membrane

Question 41

compartment with a watery interior that is separated from the external environment by a surface membrane (or wall)

Answer 41

plasma membrame

Question 42

what is the plasma membrane composed of

Answer 42

a bilayer (2 layers) of phospholipid molecules

Question 43

what is a phospholipid

Answer 43

A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin

Question 44

describe the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 44

consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of a phosphate group

Question 45

what is hydrophobic

Answer 45

water hating

Question 46

what is hydrophilic

Answer 46

water loving

Question 47

which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?

Answer 47

tails

Question 48

which part of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic

Answer 48

head

Question 49

How do the two phospholipid layers orient

Answer 49

hydrophilic heads face toward the outer and inner surfaces of the plasma membrane hydrophobic tails are buried within the interior of the membrane

Question 50

which part of the bilayer is exposed to the water

Answer 50

hydrophilic heads

Question 51

which part of the bilayer is the plasma membrane

Answer 51

hydrophobic core

Question 52

what are phospholipid membranes impermeable to

Answer 52

water (because they are water hateing) all ions all hydrophilic small molecules (how they control egressing and ingressing)

Question 53

what do proteins in the membrane do?

Answer 53

some allow specific ions and small molecules to cross through others serve to attach cells to surrounding cells others give the cell its shape or allow its shape to change

Question 54

why are proteins different shapes in the membrane/

Answer 54

different shapes are for different functions - they allow different ions to get through

Question 55

what gives cells their molecular identity?

Answer 55

molecules on the plasma membrane

Question 56

what are molecules cell properties important for

Answer 56

blood type determination of compatibility in organ transplants

Question 57

what does the plasma membrane enclose

Answer 57

cytoplasm and organelles

Question 58

complex mixture of molecules and structural components

Answer 58

cytoplasm

Question 59

bilayer, made of phospholipid with hydrophobic and philic, multiple protein chains on it and these are responsible for given the cell the identity and controls what goes in and out of the cells (ions and molecules, etc.)

Answer 59

plasma membrane

Question 60

gives the form and shape to the cells

Answer 60

cytoskeleton

Question 61

system of microfilaments and microtubules that provide each cell strength and rigidity, helping each cell to maintain it’s characteristic shape

Answer 61

cytoskeleton

Question 62

helps anchor cellular structures and is important for organizing the cell

Answer 62

cytoskeleton

Question 63

cell motility is facilitated by

Answer 63

microfilaments

Question 64

are fine, thread-like protein fibers, plays a role in cell motility & contractility.

Answer 64

microfilament

Question 65

straight, hollow cylinders found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells functions, ranging from transport to structural support.

Answer 65

microtubules

Question 66

Define the organelles Control their ionic composition so that it is different

Answer 66

organelles

Question 67

Each has a unique set of proteins that enables it to carry out its function

Answer 67

organelle

Question 68

specialized structures within the cytoplasm

Answer 68

organelles

Question 69

Network of membranes that export protein from cells

Answer 69

ER

Question 70

associated with ribosomes it functions in the synthesis and processing of proteins

Answer 70

Rough ER

Question 71

Lacks ribosomes if functions in lipid synthesis (fat)

Answer 71

smooth ER

Question 72

synthesize and process proteins

Answer 72

Ribosomes

Question 73

factories that make your proteins

Answer 73

rough ER

Question 74

makes lipids

Answer 74

smooth ER

Question 75

made up of RNA and protein

Answer 75

ribosomes

Question 76

serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis

Answer 76

ribosomes

Question 77

link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules

Answer 77

ribosomes

Question 78

Flattened membrane sacs that receive proteins from the ER Proteins are further processed here before being forwarded to their final destination

Answer 78

golgi

Question 79

Membrane-enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes They break down or recycle worn-out and obsolete cells parts

Answer 79

lysosomes

Question 80

Largest organelle surrounded by 2 phospholipid bilayer membranes

Answer 80

mitochondria

Question 81

Energy source of cells that produce most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in eukaryotic cells

Answer 81

mitochondria

Question 82

what is ATP

Answer 82

energy source that is used to drive most energy-requiring cellular processes

Question 83

what were mitochondria originally

Answer 83

believed to originate as bacteria that took up residence in eukaryotic cells and over time became welcome collaborators

Question 84

genetic mutations to antibiotics form where

Answer 84

mitochondria

Question 85

still contain small genomes that encode essential proteins revealing their bacterial origins

Answer 85

mitochondria

Question 86

cell organelle involved in energy transformation

Answer 86

mitochondria

Question 87

contains our DNA

Answer 87

nucleus

Question 88

Largest, most prominent of the membrane-bounded organelles which characterize eukaryotic cells

Answer 88

nucleus

Question 89

Responsible for growth and reproduction of the cell

Answer 89

nucleus

Question 90

Enclosed with a double membrane that allows direct communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 90

nucleus

Question 91

dense regions in the nucleus that synthesize ribosomes

Answer 91

nucleoli

Question 92

Dark strands and clumps of chromatin (chromosomes) are seen throughout here

Answer 92

nucleus

Question 93

Contains the cell’s genetic information (DNA) organized into genes that determines the shape, structure, and range of functions carried out by the cell

Answer 93

nucleus

Question 94

where is genetic information contained?

Answer 94

chromatin that turns into chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 95

complex of DNA and proteins that make up a chromosome is called

Answer 95

chromatin

Question 96

Chromatin are organized into

Answer 96

chromosomes

Question 97

rod-shaped microscopic structures carrying the genes that carry genetic information transmitted from generation to generation

Answer 97

chromosomes

Question 98

As the cell prepares to divide, the chromatin condenses and coils to form _______

Answer 98

chromosomes

Question 99

where do genes lie

Answer 99

on chromosomes

Question 100

How do individual chromosomes take the form of two chromatids?

Answer 100

individual chromosomes connect at the centromere to create the X formation

Question 101

consists of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule

Answer 101

chromosomes

Question 102

consists of two DNA strands joined together by their centromere

Answer 102

chromatid

Question 103

appears as a constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division Specifically, it is the region where the cell's spindle fibers attach.

Answer 103

centromere

Question 104

short arm of chromosomes

Answer 104

p arm

Question 105

long arm of chromosomes

Answer 105

q arm

Question 106

explain the 46 chromosomes in humans

Answer 106

22 pairs of autosomes one pair (XX XY) are sex chromosomes

Question 107

what would you see on chromosome for down syndrome?

Answer 107

extra chromosomes of 21

Question 108

where chromatids join

Answer 108

centromere

Question 109

Number of sets of chromosomes in a biological cell

Answer 109

ploidy

Question 110

condition in which each chromosome is represented twice as a member of a homologous pair, one set from each parent

Answer 110

diploid

Question 111

humans are always _____

Answer 111

diploid

Question 112

One full set of chromosomes occurring in a mature germ cell or half the number of chromosomes (23) found in a normal somatic cell (22X or 22Y)

Answer 112

haploid

Question 113

general appearance of somatic chromosomes

Answer 113

karyotype

Question 114

identical

Answer 114

homologous

Question 115

chromosome disorders are diff than single gene mutations

Answer 115

true

Question 116

one gene on a chromosome that has gone ary, genetic mutation

Answer 116

single

Question 117

an extra or a lack of chromosome, most are not compatible with life because you have taken a whole bunch of genes

Answer 117

chromosome mutation

Question 118

how the gene will manifest, how you will look, function, behave, etc.

Answer 118

gene expression

Question 119

Describes alleles present in a gene

Answer 119

genotype

Question 120

genetic composition of an individual, i.e., the fundamental characteristic of an organism in terms of hereditary factors

Answer 120

genotype

Question 121

Describes the expression of an allele combination present in a gene

Answer 121

phenotype

Question 122

The manifest characteristics of an organism collectively, i.e., traits that result from both its hereditary and its environment – nature and nurture

Answer 122

phenotype