Fundamentals of Immunology & Serology in Blood Banking Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
It is the science that embodies the study of blood group antigens and antibodies.
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Immunohematology
2
Q
It is defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
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Immunology
3
Q
It is the laboratory study of antigen-antibody reactions.
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Serology
4
Q
It includes tissues, organs, cells, and biological mediators that coordinate to defend a host organism against intrusion by a foreign substance or abnormal cells of self-origin.
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Immune System
5
Q
It confers protection from nonself and abnormal self-elements.
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Immunity
6
Q
It refers to anything that is derived from the host genome
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Self
7
Q
It refers to anything outside the host
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Nonself
8
Q
Characteristics of natural or innate immunity
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- Resist infection by means of normally present body functions
- Nonadaptive and nonspecific
- Immediately available
- No memory
9
Q
Natural immunity is made up of:
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Physical & Biochemical barriers
10
Q
Examples of physical barriers:
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Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia lining the mucous membranes
Cough reflexes
11
Q
Examples of biochemical barriers:
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bactericidal enzymes, fatty acids, sweat, digestive enzymes in saliva, stomach acid, and low pH
12
Q
Cell that remove invading organisms by engulfing and digesting them with vesicle enzymes
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Phagocytes
13
Q
Two major phagocytic cells
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Polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells
14
Q
Plasma components that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis
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Opsonins
15
Q
Enzymes that are normally found in the plasma in a proenzyme inactive state
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Complement system
16
Q
3 major roles of complement system in immunity
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- Final lysis of abnormal and pathogenic cells (binding of antibody)
- Opsonization and phagocytosis
- Mediation of inflammation
17
Q
It is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen or microbial agent.
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Secondary (Adaptive, acquired immunity)
18
Q
Type of immunity that is present only in vertebrates.
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Secondary (Adaptive, acquired immunity)
19
Q
Adaptive immunity relies on the formation of
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Antigen-antibody complexes
20
Q
It is mediated by various IS cells, such as macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells.
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Cellular immunity
21
Q
Effector molecules that activate and deactivate different cells, which allows cells to communicate throughout the host body.
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Lymphokines
22
Q
It consists of the fluid parts of the immune system such as antibodies and complement components.
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Humoral immunity
23
Q
Physical components of natural immunity
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Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Cough reflex
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Q
Biochemical components of natural immunity
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Sweat Tears Saliva Mucus Acid pH of vagina Stomach acid
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Cellular components of natural immunity
Macrophages
Monocytes
PMNs
NK cells
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Most potent macrophage
Dendritic cells
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Humoral component of natural immunity
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Complement proteins
Cytokines (interferons, interleukins)
Properdin
Beta lysin
Tumor necrosis factor
Inflammation
Fever
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Cellular components of adaptive immunity
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Lymphocytes (T cells, T helper, T cytotoxic, T memory cells
B cells (B memory cells, plasma cells)
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Humoral component of adaptive immunity
Immunoglobulins
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It refers to foreign molecules that bind specifically to an antibody or a T-cell receptor.
Antigen
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It refers to cells or tissue from a genetically different individual.
Allogenic
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It refers to cells or tissue from self.
Autologous
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It refers to small-molecular-weight particle that requires a carrier molecule to be recognized by the immune system.
Haptens
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These are lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow
B lymphocytes (B cells)
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Cells that produce antibody
Plasma cells
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These are lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and produce cytokines
T-lymphocytes (T cells)
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What is the function of cytokines
To activate immune cells
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Cells that increase or decrease cell proliferation, antibody production, and inflammation reactions.
Cytokines
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Large granular lymphocytes that kills virally infected cells and tumor cells
Natural Killer cells
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Other names of natural killer cells
Large granular lymphocytes
3rd population lymphocytes
Null lymphocytes
Non-B & Non-T lymphocytes
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These are cells produced after the first exposure that remain in the circulation and can recognize and respond to an antigen faster.
Memory B cells
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These are sites on an antigen that are recognized and bound by a particular antibody
Epitopes
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It refers to family of cells or organisms having constitution.
Clone
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It refers to an antigen that is capable of eliciting an immune response.
Immunogen
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What are the best immunogens?
Proteins
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Degree of foreignness is inversely proportional to immunogenicity. True or False?
False
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Ideal size of immunogen
>10,000D
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It is a glycoprotein secreted by plasma cells that binds to specific epitopes on antigenic substances.
Immunoglobulins
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Immunoglobulins that are not antibodies are called
Paraproteins
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Classification of immunoglobulins
1. IgA ([alpha] heavy chain)
2. IgD ([delta] heavy chain)
3. IgE ([epsilon] heavy chain
4. IgG ([gamma] heavy chain)
5. IgM ([mu] heavy chain)
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Most abundant antibody in blood
IgG
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Most abundant antibody in the body
IgA
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Least abundant antibody
IgE
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It is the basic unit of an antibody structure.
Domain
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Domain is composed of
Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
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Light chain and heavy chain of an antibody is linked by
Cysteine residues by disulfide bonds
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Antibody heavy chains
Alpha, gamma, delta, mu, or epsilon chains
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Antibody light chains
Kappa or lambda chains
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It holds both the light and heavy chains together
Disulfide bonds (cysteine residues)
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It refers to the carboxyl (-COOH) terminal region of an antibody
Constant region
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It refers to the amino (-NH2) terminal regions of both light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins
Variable region
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Structure that provides the heavy chain a degree of flexibility enabling it to change its shape.
Hinge region
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The portion of the Ig molecule from the carboxyl region to the hinge region.
Fc fragment
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The portions of the Ig from the hinge region to the amino terminal.
FAB (antigen-binding fragments)
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Enzyme that can cleave an antibody into 3 parts
Papain
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Enzyme that can cleave an antibody into 2 parts
Pepsin
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Location of cleavage by papain
Above hinge region
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Location of cleavage by pepsin
Below hinge region
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IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS
It is the dominant type found on the immunoglobulins of all normal persons.
Isotype
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IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS
It is present primarily in the constant region and sometimes in variable region; not all variants occur in all members of a species.
Allotype
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IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIANTS
It is located in the variable part of the antibody associated with the hypervariable regions that form the antigen-combining site.
Idiotype
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Only immunoglobulin subclasses that are capable of attachment to phagocytic receptors.
IgG1 and IgG3
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Phagocytic cells with Fc receptors
Neutrophils
NK cells
Mature B cells
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Most significant immunoglobulin in blood banking
IgG, IgM, and IgA
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Form of IgG
Monomeric form
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IgG reacts best at what temperature
37 degree Celsius
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Important antibody in HDN
IgG
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Abundant antibody secondary immune response
IgG
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Major antibody in precipitation
IgG
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IgG subclass that cannot cross placenta
IgG2
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IgG subclass that cannot activate complement
IgG4
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Most efficient IgG subclass in activating complement
IgG3
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Most commonly encountered as naturally occurring antibodies in the ABO system.
IgM
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IgM exists in
Both monomeric and polymeric forms
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IgM reacts best at
22°C to 24°C
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Most efficient isotype in activating complement
IgM
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Secretory IgA is usually found in
Mucosal tissues of the body
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Monomeric IgA is found in
Serum
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It refers to the immune response induced by initial exposure to the antigen.
Primary Immune Response
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First antibody produced in primary immune response
IgM
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Predominant antibody in secondary immune response
IgG
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Secondary Immune Response is also called
Anamnestic response
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Antibodies found in the serum of individuals who have never been previously exposed to RBC antigens by transfusion, injection, or pregnancy
Naturally occurring antibodies
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Most naturally occurring antibody
IgM
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Naturally occurring antibodies are also called
Isoagglutinins
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Antibodies found in the serum of individuals who have been transfused or pregnant.
Immune antibodies
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Most immune RBC antibodies
IgG
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Also called irregular or atypical antibodies
Unexpected antibodies
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Produced after exposure to genetically different, or nonself, antigens such as different RBC antigens after transfusion
Alloantibodies
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Antibodies produced in response to self-antigens.
Autoantibodies
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It is the ability of a particular antibody to combine with a particular antigen.
Specificity
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Reaction between similar epitopes
Specific reaction
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Occurs when certain epitopes of one antigen are shared by another antigen and the same antibody can react with both antigens
Cross-reaction
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It is produced when the antigen and antibody combine.
Immune complex
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It is the strength of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an antigen.
Affinity
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It is the overall strength of reaction between several epitopes and antibodies
Avidity
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Refers to the number of epitopes per molecule of antigen
Valency
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Location of red cell antigen
Surface of red blood cells
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Location of red cell antibodies
Plasma or serum
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Order of complement discovery
C1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Order of complement activation
C1 4 2 3 5 6 7 8 9
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Complement pathway that is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes
Classical pathway
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Complement pathway that is initiated by foreign cell-surface constituents
Alternative pathway
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Function of membrane attack complex
Mediate cell lysis in the target cell
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Disease due to defects in the immune system
Immunodeficiency
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Inflammatory response to a foreign antigen
Hypersensitivity
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Type I reaction:
Anaphylaxis or immediate hypersensitivity
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Type II reaction:
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
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Type III reactions:
Immune complex hypersensitivity
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Type IV reaction:
Delayed or Cell Mediated hypersensitivity
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It results from a single clone of lymphoid-plasma cells producing elevated levels of a single class and type of immunoglobulin
Monoclonal Gammopathy
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It is classified as a secondary disease and characterized by the elevation of two or more immunoglobulins
Polyclonal Gammopathy
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Represents a breakdown of the immune system’s ability to discriminate between “self” and “nonself”.
Autoimmune Disease
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Results when the maternal IS produces an antibody directed at an antigen present on fetal cells but absent from maternal cells.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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Severe HDN is most often associated with what antibodies
IgG1
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Detection of the A, B, and D antigens
Forward / Direct ABO & Rh typing
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Detection of ABO antibodies
Reverse / Indirect ABO typing
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The detection of preformed antibodies to red cell antigens as a result of previous exposure to red cells through transfusion and pregnancy
Antibody screen
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Determination of the red cell antibody specificity after detection with the antibody screen.
Antibody identification
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Serologic check of the donor unit and patient compatibility before transfusion
Crossmatch
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Major crossmatching
Donor cells; Recipient serum
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Minor crossmatching
Donor serum; Recipient cells
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Produced from several different clones of B cells that secrete antibodies of different specificities
Polyclonal antibody-based products
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Produced from single clones of B cells that secrete antibodies of the same specificity
Monoclonal antibody-based products
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Hybrid cells formed by the fusion of myeloma cells and antibody-producing cells
Hybridomas
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NK cells kills target using
Granzymes & perforins
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NK cell kills target lacking
MHC restrictions
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NK cells are identified thru
Flow cytometry
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CD markers of NK cells
CD16 CD56
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Cardinal signs of inflammation
```
Rubor - Redness
Calor - Heat
Dolor- Pain
Tumor - Swelling
Functio laesa- Loss of function
```
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Hallmark of inflammation
Increased vascular permeability
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First cell to arrive during inflammation
Neutrophils
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Second cell to arrive during inflammation
Monocytes
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Movement of leukocytes from center to periphery of blood
Migration
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Transient adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells
Rolling
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Firm attachment of the leukocytes to the endothelial cells
Adhesion
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Migration of leukocytes through the endothelium into the tissues
Transmigration / Diapedesis
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Unidirectional or targeted movement of the leukocytes towards antigen/bacteria in response to certain chemical
Chemotaxis
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Coating of the bacteria so that they are easily phagocytosed
Opsonization
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Process by which bacteria are killed/eaten up by the white blood cells
Phagocytosis
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Final stage of resolution and repair is associated with
Fibroblast proliferation
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Fibroblast proliferation may result in:
Totally repaired
Formation of abscess with loss of function
Granuloma formation
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Stage of phagocytosis
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Engulfment
Digestion
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Phagocytosis is initiated as a result of
Tissue damage
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Activated phagocyte has increased surface receptor for adherence of
Complement receptor 3
Laminin receptor
Lencyl, formyl, methionyl, phenylalanine
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Cell motion without chemotaxis
Random
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Example of chemotaxins
Complement 3a, 5a, IL-8
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Fusion of phagosome and lysosome
Phagolysosome
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Production of reactive oxygen species which are toxic to bacteria
Respiratory burst
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Enzymes involved in respiratory burst
NADPH Oxidase
Catalase
Superoxide dismutase
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Disorder associated with impaired NADPH Oxidase
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
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Family of glycoproteins produced by all animal cells that exert a virus-nonspecific but host-specific antiviral activity
Interferon
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Type I interferons include
IFN alpha
| IFN beta
164
Type II interferon include
IFN gamma
