Fundamentals of Lighting Flashcards
1
Q
Visually evaluated radiant energy
A
Light
2
Q
It may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass through
A
Light
3
Q
what are the Types of Light
A
- Natural Light
- Artificial Light
4
Q
what are the Light Sources
A
- Incandescent Lamp
- Gaseous Discharge Lamp
- Electroluminescent Sources
5
Q
what are the Goals of Lighting Design
A
- Lighting levels should be adequate
- Lighting equipment should be unobstructive
- Lighting must have the proper quality
- Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently
6
Q
Types of Lighting System
A
- Direct Lighting
- Indirect Lighting
- General Diffused or Direct-Indirect
- Semi-Indirect Lighting
- Semi-Direct Lighting
7
Q
Classification of Lighting
A
- General or Area Lighting
- Local or Specific Lighting
- Safety Lighting
8
Q
Preliminary- Design Guidelines
A
- Design lighting for expected activity
- Design with more effective luminaires and fenestration
- Use efficient Light Sources
- Use more efficient luminaires
- Use thermal-controlled luminaires
- Use lighter finishes on ceilings, walls, floors and furnishings
- Use efficient Incandescent lamps
- turn off lights when not needed
- Control window brightness
- Utilize daylighting as practicable
- Keep lighting equipment clean and in good working order
- Post instructions covering operation and maintenance
9
Q
It is a type of light that comes from natural sources.
A
Natural Light
10
Q
It is a type of light that is man-made.
A
Artificial Light
11
Q
A type of light source that produces light by heating a filament
A
Incandescent Lamp
12
Q
A type of light source that produces light by passing an electric current through a gas
A
Gaseous Discharge Lamp
13
Q
A type of light source that emits light in response to an electric current
A
Electroluminescent Sources
14
Q
A type of lighting that illuminates a specific area directly
A
Direct Lighting
15
Q
A type of lighting that illuminates a space by reflecting light off surfaces.
A
Indirect Lighting
16
Q
A type of lighting that combines both indirect and direct lighting methods.
A
General Diffused or Direct-Indirect Lighting
17
Q
A type of lighting that directs light upward while diffusing some light downward
A
Semi-Indirect Lighting
18
Q
A type of lighting that directs light downwards while allowing some light to reflect upwards
A
Semi-Direct Lighting
19
Q
A type of lighting that provides overall illumination for a space
A
General or Area Lighting
20
Q
A type of lighting that focuses on a specific area or task
A
Local or Specific Lighting
21
Q
A type of lighting designed to enhance visibility and safety.
A
Safety Lighting
22
Q
A lighting source that closely replicates natural sunlight
A
Natural Lighting
23
Q
The most practical method of passive solar energy utilization in commercial buildings
A
Daylighting
24
Q
The primary source of natural light.
A
Sunlight
25
Diffused light from the sky, often harnessed through windows and skylights
Skylight
26
Excessive brightness can cause discomfort and reduce visibility.
Glare
27
Properties of Sound
1. Speed
2. Intensity
3. Acoustical Power
4. Wavelength
5. Frequency
6. Loudness
7. Threshold of Audibility
8. Threshold of Pain
9. Directionality of Sound Sources
28
Sound travels at 1,130 ft per second or 344 meters per second at normal room temperature (22.2˚C)
Speed
29
Rate at which sound energy is being transmitted
Instensity
30
What is the formula of Sound Intensity?
I = P / A
31
Rate of emission of acoustical energy from sources of sound
Acoustical Power
32
The distance a sound wave travels during each complete cycle of vibration measured in meters or feet
Wavelength
33
What is the symbol used to denote wavelength?
λ
34
The number of displacements or oscillations that a particle undergoes in one second
Frequency
35
What is the unit of measurement for frequency?
Hertz
36
Subjective attribute of an auditory
sensation in terms of which sound may be ordered on a scale of soft to loud
Loudness
37
Minimum intensity that is capable of
evoking an auditory sensation in the
ear
Threshold of Audibility
38
Minimum sound pressure level which stimulates the ear to a point which is painful
Threshold of Pain
39
The way in which sound is distributed in region free from reflecting surfaces
Directionality of Sound Sources
40
The science of sound
Acoustics
41
Three Common Elements of Acoustics
1. Source
2. Transmission Path
3. Receiver
42
Types of Acoustics
1. Psychoacoustics
2. Environmental Acoustics
3. Electro Acoustics
4. Sonics
43
Technology of designing spaces, structures, and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs.
Architectural Acoustics
44
Physical wave, a mechanical vibration, or simply a series of pressure variations, in an elastic medium.
Sound
45
Audible signal
Sound
46
Two types of sound based on medium
1. Airborne sound
2. Structure-borne sound
47
the medium is air
Airborne Sound
48
The media are concrete, wood, steel, glass, and any other building materials
Structure-borne Sound
49
Two types of sound based on desirability
1. Wanted Sound
2. Unwanted Sound
50
Natural Elements that affect sound
1. Temperature
2. Clouds
3. Wind
4. Bodies of Water
51
A natural element affects sound by causing particles to follow cold air
Temperature
52
A natural element affects sound by acting as a reflecting surface
Clouds / Bodies of Water
53
A natural element affects sound that may change the direction of sound
Wind
54
Characteristics of Sound
1. Sound Reflection
2. Sound Absorption
3. Sound Diffusion
4. Sound Diffraction
5. Sound Refraction
6. Sound Transmission
55
Building materials used for sound absorption
1. Carpet
2. Foam padding
3. Glass wool
4. Mineral Wool
5. Building Insulation
6. Fabric
56
Building material used for Sound Reflection
1. Gypsum board
2. Glass
3. Ceramic
4. Granite
5. Marble
6. Metal
7. Plastic Surface
8. Plastered Surface
9. Concrete
57
Sound reflected off a surface, usually one that is hard, rigid and flat.
Sound Reflection
58
A type of surface that causes uniform sound reflection
Flat Surface
59
A type of surface that causes sound dispersion
Convex Surface
60
A type of surface that causes sound concentration
Concave Surface
61
Sound waves absorbed into a material upon contact
Sound Absorption
62
Occurs when sound waves are dispersed equally in a room
Sound Diffusion
63
Building materials used for Sound Diffusion
1. Wood / Plywood / Board
2. Aluminum
64
An acoustical phenomenon which causes sound waves to be bent or scattered around such obstacles as corners, columns, walls, beams, etc.
Sound Diffraction
65
Change of sound wave direction as it moves from one medium to another of different densities
Sound Refraction
66
Sound that penetrates through the surface
Sound Transmission
67
Types of Sound Transmission
1. Flanking Transmission
2. Direct Transmission
68
Sound traveling along parts of the building other than the common wall or floor
Flanking Transmission
69
Sound coming through the common wall or floor
Direct Transmission
70
11 steps /measures in Planning for Good Acoustics
1. The selection of the Site
2. The making of a noise survey
3. The arrangement of the rooms
4. The selection of proper sound-insulation
5. The control of noise
6. The size of the room
7. The distribution of absorptive and reflective materials
8. The supervision during installation
9. The installation of sound-amplification equipment
10. The inspection
11. The maintenance instructions
71
Requirements for Good Acoustics
1. All noises should be reduced
2. The room's shape and size should be designed
3. The reverberation time should approach the optimum characteristics
4. Provision of appropriate acoustic materials
72
Features that apply to both speech and music rooms
1. Freedom from disturbing noise
2. Proper shape of the room
3. Sufficient sound level for the listeners
73
Design of Room Shape
1. Floor Plan
2. Elevation of seats
3. Ceilings
4. Side Walls
5. Rear Walls
6. Balcony Recess
74
Categories of Acoustical Materials
1. Prefabricated Units
2. Acoustical Plaster and Sprayed
3. Acoustical Blankets
75
Mechanically perforated units backed with absorbent material
Prefabricated Units
76
Materials used for Prefabricated Units
1. Wall boards
2. Tile boards
3. Absorbent sheets
77
Fibrous materials combined with binder agents which are applied with sprayed on an air gun of blower
Acoustical Plaster and Sprayed
78
Blankets made up of mineral or wood wool, glass fibers, kapok batts, and hair felt
Acoustical Blankets
79
frequency a human ear is capable of detecting
20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz
80
The loudness of sound is measured in ____
Volume
81
To quantify volume, we use ___
Decibels
82
Any sound with a frequency below 20 Herts is called ___
Infrasound
83
Any sound with frequency above 20,000 Hertz is known as ___
Ultrasound
