Fundamentals of Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the master controlling system of our body?
A
Nervous System
2
Q
This is a function of the nervous system wherein our sensory receptors receive all information from the external environment
A
Sensory Input
3
Q
A function of the nervous system wherein information are processed and integrated.
A
Integration
4
Q
A function of the nervous system wherein it receives the processed information, which helps to activate the effector organs
A
Motor Output
5
Q
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of what organs?
A
- Brain
- Spinal cord
6
Q
This type of nervous system is the integrating and control center of the nervous system.
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
7
Q
This type of nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
8
Q
What division of PNS is the “carrying impulses towards the PNS” ?
A
Sensory division (AFFERENT)
9
Q
What division of PNS is the “carrying impulses away from the PNS” ?
A
Motor division (EFFERENT)
10
Q
What are the 2 types of efferent / motor division of the PNS?
A
- Somatic
- Autonomic
11
Q
This type of motor division (efferent) transmits impulses specifically to skeletal muscles
A
Somatic
12
Q
This type of motor division (efferent) transmits impulses to the visceral muscles, those that have involuntary movement
A
Autonomic
13
Q
What are the 2 types of Autonomic Nervous System?
A
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
14
Q
The 2 types of cells in the nervous system are:
A
- Neurons
- Glial Cells
15
Q
This is the cell responsible for conducting impulses
A
Neurons
16
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Neurons are also known as the nerve cells.
A
TRUE
17
Q
What are the structural units of the nervous system?
A
Neurons
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE:
Glial cells are also known as the neuroglia.
A
TRUE
19
Q
These cells are primarily supportive cells of CNS and PNS
A
Glial Cells
20
Q
This type of cell of the nervous system only functions to protect and support the structure of the nervous system.
A
Glial Cells
21
Q
Based on the parts of a neuron, cell body is also known as?
A
Perikaryon or Soma
22
Q
This is the biosynthetic center of the neuron because it contains all the organelles needed to synthesize proteins.
A
Cell body
23
Q
This part of a neuron acts as a receptive neuron.
A
Dendrites
24
Q
This part of a neuron provides area for receiving all the signals from other neurons
A
Dendrites
25
This part of a neuron is also known as the nerve fiber.
Axons
26
Once signals are received from the dendrites, the ________ will generate the nerve impulses and then transmit it away from the cell body.
Axons
27
A part of a neuron which is known as the secretory region.
Axon terminal
28
These are chemicals which carry impulse to be relayed to the effector cells of an effector organ.
Neurotransmitters
29
These are the capsule-like structures which is a part of a neuron.
Myelin sheath
30
This part of a neuron act as an electrical insulator.
Myelin sheath
31
This part of a neuron increases transmission of impulses as regards to their speed.
Myelin sheath.
32
This part of a neuron forms the myelin sheaths, and is a type of glial cell.
Schwann cells
33
These are the gaps between the myelin sheaths.
Nodes of Ranvier
34
This is also known as the myelin sheath gap.
Nodes of Ranvier
35
Assists in insulating the impulses towards the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier.
36
A type of neuron wherein many processes extend from the cell body, and is found in the CNS.
Multipolar neuron
37
A type of neuron wherein 2 processes extend from the cell body, and is mostly found in eyes, nose, and transmits signals to the brain/CNS
Bipolar neuron
38
A type of neuron wherein one process extends from the cell body (example: being pinched).
Unipolar neuron / Pseudounipolar neuron
39
This is a type of glial cell which has the shape of a sea anemone.
Astrocytes
40
This is a type of glial cell which provides structural support, neutral signaling, and anchors neurons to their supply line for its nourishment.
Astrocytes
41
This type of glial cell monitors the health of nearby neurons, protects CNS from infection, and transforms into a specialized form of a macrophage to phagocytize microorganisms that poses threat to the neurons.
Microglial cells
42
A type of glial cell which are ciliated to assist in the movement of fluid within the brain and the spinal cord ; these cells line the fluid-filled cavities within the CNS.
Ependymal cells
43
What are the two known neurotransmitters?
1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
44
This organ primarily acts as a center of reflex and to provide tracts to carry information to the brain and transmit motor instructions to the muscles or glands.
Spinal cord
45
The inferior end of the spinal cord and spinal nerves existing there resembles a horse's tail, which is called as?
Cauda equina
46
What are the 3 ascending tracts?
1. Spinothalamic tract
2. Dorsal region
3. Spinocerebellar tract
47
An ascending tract wherein sensations of pain, temperature, touch, pressure, tickle, and itch are transmitted here.
Spinothalamic tract
48
An ascending tract wherein deep pressure and vibration sensation is transmitted here.
Dorsal column
49
An ascending tract that transmits awareness to movement and body position, and is related to proprioception.
Spinocerebellar tract
50
A descending tract that originates from the cerebral cortex down to the spinal cord to control the skeletal muscle movements.
Corticospinal tract
51
This descending tract relays impulses to the limbs to be able to govern movement.
Rubrospinal tract
52
This descending tract maintains posture when the body is in motion.
Reticulospinal tract
53
This tract relays impulses to limbs, neck, and back primarily to maintain an upright posture
Vestibulospinal tract
54
This descending tract relays impulses to the muscles of the head and trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli
Tectospinal tract
55
These are grooves that partially divides the spinal cord from left to right portion.
Anterior median fissure and Posterior median fissure
56
These are 2 masses that are located superficially and is mostly embedded with myelinated axons.
White matter
57
This is where ascending and descending tracts are located.
White matter
58
This is located deep into the spinal cord and it looks like a letter H
Gray matter
59
Most vital functions happen in the ______ organ.
Brain
60
How many multipolar neurons are located inside the brain?
100 billion
61
What are the major regions of the brain?
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Cerebellum
4. Brainstem
62
What are the parts of a brainstem?
1. Medulla oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain
63
Vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing is controlled by the _________ of the brain.
Brainstem
64
Most inferior portion of the brainstem
Medulla oblongata
65
Respiratory and cardiac center
Medulla oblongata
66
These consists of descending tracts since it is connected to the spinal cord. Also, it carries action potential from the brain to the motor neurons of the spinal cord.
Pyramids
67
This part of a brainstem contains relay nuclei from cerebrum to cerebellum, and is for chewing and salivation.
Pons
68
This is the smallest region of the brainstem
Midbrain
69
This contains the four mounds o colliculi which functions like the spinal cord as for the reflex but only to a very limited extent.
Midbrain
70
Another term for the four mounds of the midbrain (colliculi):
Corpora quadrigemina
71
A colliculus for visual reflexes is known as the?
Superior colliculus
72
A colliculus for auditory reflexes is known as the?
Inferior colliculus
73
This is the cauliflower-like structure of the brain
Cerebellum
74
Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by several large connections called _________________________.
Cerebellar peduncles
75
TRUE OR FALSE:
Cerebellum provides instruction to the cerebrum to have a well-coordinated muscle movement.
TRUE
76
A peduncle attached to the midbrain
Superior peduncle
77
A peduncle attached to the pons
Middle peduncle
78
A peduncle attached to the medulla oblongata
Inferior peduncle
79
This structure connects 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Vermis
80
This is a pattern of white matter that's like a branching tree.
Arbor vitae
81
What are the 3 parts of diencephalon?
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus
82
This part of diencephalon is involved in emotional and visceral response to odors
Epithalamus
83
This is consisted of pineal gland.
Epithalamus
84
This is a part of the endocrine system which influences the secretion of melatonin
Pineal gland
85
This is a hormone responsible for sleeping
Melatonin
86
This part of diencephalon controls the sleep-wake cycle
Epithalamus
87
This accounts for the 80% of diencephalon
Thalamus
88
Raw information are brought in this part of the diencephalon.
Thalamus
89
This part of diencephalon influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain
Thalamus
90
These look like jelly beans ; each of them varies in what kind of impulse are being brought into the thalamus.
Main thalamic nuclei
91
This is the most inferior part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus
92
A part of diencephalon important in maintaining homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
93
This is the emotional part of our brain.
Limbic system
94
This part of diencephalon is involved in nervous perspiration.
Hypothalamus
95
This part of diencephalon controls body temp., hunger, and thirst
Hypothalamus
96
The largest part of the brain.
Cerebrum
97
What percentage does the cerebrum consist of in the brain's mass?
83%
98
This is where our conscious mind is found.
Cerebrum
99
This is where we are able to interpret raw information from our sensory inputs.
Cerebrum
100
These are numerous folds of each hemisphere.
Gyri
101
These are intervening grooves of the cerebrum.
Sulci
102
What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Occipital lobe
4. Temporal lobe
103
This separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum
Longitudinal fissure
104
Lobe of the brain wherein the cognitive function is found
Frontal lobe
105
Lobe of the brain that receives visual input
Occipital lobe
106
Lobe of the brain that evaluates sensory input such as touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and taste
Parietal lobe
107
Lobe of the brain responsible for hearing, smell, and memory
Temporal lobe
108
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid layer
3. Pia mater
109
Also referred to as the tough mother ; the superficial, thickest, and strongest layer of meninges.
Dura mater
110
This resembles a spider web-like extensions, and is the second layer of meninges.
Arachnoid layer
111
Also referred to as the gentle mother ; innermost part which is bound to the surface of the brain
Pia mater
112
This allows the production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Choroid plexus
113
These are fluid-filled cavities of the CNS.
Ventricles
114
These are ventricles in the cerebral hemisphere.
Lateral ventricles
115
This is a ventricle in the diencephalon
Third ventricle
116
This is specifically where CSF is produced in the midbrain.
Cerebral aqueduct
117
This is specifically where CSF is produced in the spinal cord.
Central canal
118
This is formed in the choroid plexuses in the ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
119
This forms a liquid that cushions and gives buoyancy to the entire CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
120
This is the ability of the brain to float in the skull through which it produces the 97% of the weight of CSF.
Buoyancy
121
Where does the CSF exits?
Through the fourth ventricle
122
How many ml of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus?
500 ml
123
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
124
Cranial nerves are categorized into:
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Mixed
