Fundamentals of Nutrition (Part 1)

Question 1

What are the CONDITIONAL amino acids?

Answer 1

Arginine, Carnitine, Citrulline, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Ornithine, Proline, Taurine, Tyrosine

Question 2

What are the NON-ESSENTIAL amino acids

Answer 2

Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Homocysteine, Serine

Question 3

What are the ESSENTIAL amino acids?

Answer 3

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lycine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonoine, Tryptophan, Valine

Question 4

What acts as a “gate” between the stomach and small intestine?

Answer 4

Pyloric Sphincter

Question 5

How much chyme can the pyloric sphincter let through at a time

Answer 5

1-5ml twice per minute

Question 6

Where does beneficial bacteria live in the body?

Answer 6

Large intestine

Question 7

How does beneficial bacteria aid in the digestive process?

Answer 7

Aids in elimination, breaks down leftover toxic chemicals or bacteria, produces vitamins B and K, and short chain fatty acid butyrate

Question 8

What processes occur in the stomach? (3 main points)

Answer 8

Protein digestion, secretes gastric juices, mechanically churns to mix and break food into smaller pieces

Question 9

What three alkaline enzymes does the pancreas release into the duodenum, to digest macronutrients?

Answer 9

Amylase (to digest carbs), Lipase (fats), Protease (proteins)

Question 10

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 10

Anything in the plant world is considered a carbohydrate. Source of fuel/energy for our cells and body

Question 11

What are disaccharides?

Answer 11

A two-sugar molecule carbohydrate (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Question 12

What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “sucrose” break down into?

Answer 12

glucose/fructose

Question 13

What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “lactose” break down into?

Answer 13

glucose/galactose

Question 14

What monosaccharides does the disaccharide “maltose” break down into?

Answer 14

glucose/glucose

Question 15

How many secretory glands does the mouth contain?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What are the 2 categories of polysaccharides?

Answer 16

Starch, non-starch

Question 17

What is the main role of the pancreas?

Answer 17

Insulin production and secretion

Question 18

Secretory glands which release secretions into a duct is called…

Answer 18

exocrine

Question 19

Secretory glands which release secretions into the bloodstream is called…

Answer 19

endocrine

Question 20

What is the role of digestive enzymes?

Answer 20

Unlock complex macronutrient molecules

Question 21

What is metabolism?

Answer 21

the chemical transformation within cells of all living organisms

Question 22

What additional element is found in protein, that is not found in carbs or fats?

Answer 22

Nitrogen

Question 23

What is the alimentary canal?

Answer 23

Long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

Question 24

What are the accessory organs?

Answer 24

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 25

What is insulin resistance?

Answer 25

With high sugar diets, cells become resistant to the high dose of insulin put out by the pancreas

Question 26

What is fiber?

Answer 26

Exclusively a plant nutrient. No universally accepted definition. Creates bulk in stool

Question 27

What is digestion?

Answer 27

The process of breaking down food by mechanical and chemical action into useable substances

Question 28

What is absorption, and which part of the digestive system does this occur?

Answer 28

Where nutrients pass from the intestines into the blood or lymph. The Jejunum.

Question 29

What is bile's three functions in the digestion process?

Answer 29

Alkalinizes chyme (from an acid state), emulsifies fats, lubricates intestines

Question 30

What is the liver's main role?

Answer 30

Filters out toxins and nutrients after absorption and before transport to cells for use

Question 31

Anabolism

Answer 31

Building up

Question 32

Catabolism

Answer 32

Breaking down

Question 33

How are enzymes typically names?

Answer 33

After the substances they break down using "ase" (ie:L Lactose, lactase)

Question 34

What are the 2 functions of the gallbladder?

Answer 34

concentrate and store bile, release bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion

Question 35

What is the function of the esophagus?

Answer 35

To propel food using a cylindrical muscle action (called peristalsis)

Question 36

What are the 5 monosaccharides?

Answer 36

glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, fucose