Fundamentals of Path Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Decrease in size
A
Atrophy
2
Q
Increase in size
A
Hypertrophy
3
Q
Increase in cell number
A
Hyperplasia
4
Q
Change from one cell type to another
A
Metaplasia
5
Q
Change in size, shape, function of a cell
A
Dysplasia (e.g. sickle cell anemia)
6
Q
Disorganization of a cell (i.e. Cancer)
A
Anaplasia
7
Q
Defective development of a cell
A
Hypoplasia
8
Q
Lack of development
A
Aplasia
9
Q
Absence of growth
A
Agenesis
10
Q
Type of degeneration of the brain?
A
Liquefaction
11
Q
Caseous degeneration associated with?
A
Lungs (TB)
12
Q
Single lesion in TB =
A
Ghon Complex
13
Q
Type of degeneration in Tertiary Syphilis?
A
Gummatous
14
Q
Type of degeneration on peripheral nerves?
A
Wallerian
15
Q
Wallerian degeneration occurs ___ to ___ (Proximal/Distal)
A
Distal to Proximal
16
Q
Name for the system that includes the lymph organs, lymph capillary network, and lymph nodes
A
Reticuloendothelial System
17
Q
AKA for the Reticuloendothelial system
A
Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS)
18
Q
Immunity cells of the liver?
A
Kupffer cells
19
Q
Immunity cells of the brain?
A
Microglial cells
20
Q
Immunity cells of the lungs?
A
Dust cells
21
Q
Immunoglobulins in mother’s milk?
A
IgA
22
Q
Smallest, most numerous immunoglobulins?
A
IgG
23
Q
First response, largest immunoglobulins?
A
IgM
24
Q
Humoral immunity is associated with ___ cells. Found in spleen, tonsils, lymph, GI, and bone marrow
A
Antibodies (B cells)
25
Sensitized lymphocyte T cells (found in the thymus) are associated with ____ immunity.
Cellular
26
This type of immunity protects the body from its own defense system, bacteria, viruses, and prions
Cellular
27
Pneumonic for hypersensitivity reactions?
I
AM
I
T
28
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
Immediate (e.g. anaphylaxis)
29
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Antibody Mediated (e.g. Myasthenia Gravis)
30
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Immune (e.g. SLE, RA)
31
Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
T-cell Mediated, aka Delayed (e.g. Dermatitis)
32
Type of WBC elevated in bacterial infection (these are phagocytic)
Neutrophils
33
Type of WBC elevated in viral infection or chronic disease
Lymphocytes
34
Type of WBC elevated in a chronic infection
Monocytes
35
Type of WBC elevated in allergic reaction or parasitic infection
Eosinophils
36
This type of WBC is similar to mast cells..it makes heparin and histamine. These are the “bad” guys
Basophils
37
Pneumonic for Ivory White Vertebra?
MPH
38
Ivory White Vertebra can be caused by? (MPH)
Mets (blastic)
Paget’s (blastic stage)
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
39
Cell associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed Sternberg cell
40
Most common PRIMARY malignancy of the spine
Multiple Myeloma
41
Multiple Myeloma is associated with ___ proteinuria
Bence Jones
42
A RETROVIRUS that attacks T4 helper cells. Associated w/Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Parasitic pneumonia
AIDS
43
Most common type of hypothyroidism - autoimmune
Hashimoto’s
44
Cancer of chromosome 8. In children, aggressive. ”Starry sky” cellular appearance. Associated with Epstein-Barr virus
Burkitt’s Lymphoma
45
____ is present in ALL leukemia’s
Anemia
46
This leukemia peaks in children ages 3-5. Similar to Burkitt’s lymphoma (starry cell)
ALL
47
This leukemia is most common in young adults (peak 15-20 yo)
AML
48
This leukemia is present in all ages, but peaks at 40-50 yo. Associated with a chromosomal abnormality (Philadelphia chromosome)
CML
49
This leukemia is simply associated with the elderly
CLL
50
Fluids, proteins, and blood cells into the interstitial tissue
Exudate
51
Increased fluid in interstitial or serous cavities
Edema
52
Purulent exudate (mostly neutrophils)
Pus
53
Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
54
Whole body is swollen
Anasarca
55
A protein mediator that activates and orchestrates the inflammatory response
Cytokines
56
Right sided heart failure (disease of lungs or pulmonary vessels)
Cor Pulmonale
57
A Berry aneurism occurs in what artery?
Anterior communicating branch
58
Angina at rest
Prinzmetal
59
Dissecting aneurysm common in ____ syndrome
Marfan’s
60
Male, smoker = ___ disease (inflammation and damage to arteries that leads to blockage and eventually gangrene)
Buerger’s (Thromboangiitis obliterans)
61
Cell suicide
Apoptosis
62
List the 5 steps of Emigration (immune response to injury - mostly neutrophils)
1. Margination
2. Rolling
3. Tight adhesion
4. Migration (across vessel wall)
5. Diapedesis (migration to injured tissue)
63
Increases vascular permeability
Kinin
64
Histamine is released during inflammatory responses by ____ cells
Mast
65
Malignant tumors mostly end in ___ if of epithelial tissue origin or ____ if of connective tissue origin
Carcinoma, Sarcoma
66
Pneumonic for the most common PRIMARY bone tumors
MOCE
67
Benign tumors usually end in ___ and are encapsulated
“oma”
68
The exceptions to the benign “oma” rule?
Melanoma, Multiple Myeloma
69
List the 4 most common primary bone tumors (MOCE)
Multiple Myeloma
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing’s Sarcoma
70
Tumor of glandular tissue
Adenoma
71
Benign, rare, young, destroys bone, epiphyseal origin
Chondroblastoma
72
Most common benign bone tumor of the HAND
Enchondroma
73
More than 1 enchondroma =
Ollier’s disease
74
Benign tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyoma
75
Benign tumor of the cerebellum
Medulloblastoma
76
Primary benign tumor of the heart
Myxoma
77
Nocturnal pain relieved by ASPIRIN, radiolucent nidus, benign bone tumor
Osteoid osteoma
78
Cafe au lait spots (Coast of Maine), compresses nerves (benign tumor)
Neurofibromatosis
79
Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla and sympathetics
Pheochromocytoma (neuroblastoma)
80
Benign tumor of skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma
81
Tumor of all three germinal layers (e.g. teeth, hair, etc.)
Teratoma
82
“Brittle bone” disease, blue sclera of the eye
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
83
Aka Albers-Schoenberg disease. Stone bone, “sandwich vertebra”
Osteopetrosis
84
This tumor is QUASI-MALIGNANT (can be both benign and malignant). Epiphyseal origin, lytic, knee, tends to recur
Giant Cell tumor
85
Common malignant tumor of the large intestine
Adenocarcinoma
86
Most common location for a chondrosarcoma?
Pelvis
87
Malignant tumor, 5-20 yo, onion skin/laminated periosteal reaction, diaphyseal origin
Ewing’s Sarcoma
88
Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma
89
Primary malignant tumor of bone, SUNBURST periosteal reaction, most common in knee or pelvis
Osteosarcoma
90
Malignant tumor from remnant of notochord. Found in sacrum or occipital
Chordoma
91
Malignant tumor of astrocytes
Glioblastoma (astrocytoma)
92
Carcinoma of the ovary, metastasized from GI tract
Krukenberg’s tumor
93
Aka Plasma cell cytoma, REVERSED A/G RATIO, diaphyseal origin, Primary malignancy of bone, lytic
Multiple Myeloma
94
Malignant tumor of the testes
Seminoma
95
The primary cause of squamous cell carcinoma?
Cigarette smoking
96
Malignant tumor of the kidney in children. Aka nephroblastoma. Associated with Deny’s-Drash syndrome
Wilms tumor
97
Type of periosteal reaction in Mets and Multiple Myeloma?
NONE
98
This primary malignant tumor of bone shows an IgG “M-spike” on electrophoresis
Multiple myeloma
