Fundamentals of Programming

Question 1

Iteration

Answer 1

Repetition

Definite iteration - set number of times

Indefinite iteration - repeats until certain condition is met

Question 2

Truncating

Answer 2

The process of cutting off a number after a certain number of characters or decimal places

Question 3

Procedure/Subprogram/Routine

Answer 3

Another word for Subroutine

Question 4

Parameter

Answer 4

A parameter works like a variable in that it identifies the data that you want a subroutine to take in and use.

Question 5

Argument

Answer 5

The argument is the actual value being passed to the subroutine.

Question 6

Procedural Programming Language

Answer 6

Languages where the programmer specifies the steps that must be carried out in order to achieve a result.

Question 7

Imperative Programming Language

Answer 7

Languages based on giving the computer commands or procedures to follow. (A single algorithm, similar to step by step)

Question 8

Hierarchy Chart

Answer 8

A diagram that shows the design of a system from the top down.

https://a325ff60-a-ba81db26-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/campioncollege.com/it_eveningschoool/hierarchy-chart/chart.jpg?attachauth=ANoY7cpoxmzJ98YOBdAnkYTsW4iImY5ldYqCrRbGMpLsPoiMMRwuvA_pn3N5pKYqO_qk1KLIXsxfBYOl9plKDO8tRhmkj26bFL41Ld5OBv0J1931o89RFcjMKfczrIR8SJg-vsdH0EJK4zHTC_ZFMW9qA11CDnKdffMf7oXk1WCJhze8dxeAeEbN7QH5yoO-6i58ZOC_P_iHFzeBDy2JjVsukxd_GmYZQMQLTh5C7vgVFRu0ypYjotSuqQezph9fSEdxfxlit6_Q&attredirects=0

Question 9

Structure Chart

Answer 9

Similar to Hierarchy with the addition of showing how data are passed around the system.

Question 10

Structured Programming

Answer 10

Programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of the structured control flow constructs of selection (if/then/else) and repetition (while and for), block structures, and subroutines.

Question 11

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Answer 11

Is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects”

Question 12

Attributes

Answer 12

Similar to Variables

Eg in Python

class Person: #set attributes
     def \_\_init\_\_ (self, age): #put the attributes you want to adjust here
         self.first_name = "John"
         self.last_name = "Smith"
         self.age = age

An underscore in front of the attribute (eg self._age = age) makes it a private attribute.

Question 13

Methods

Answer 13

Similar to Functions

Eg in Python

class Person: #set attributes
     def \_\_init\_\_ (self, age): #put the attributes you want to adjust here
         self.first_name = "John"
         self.last_name = "Smith"
         self.age = age

__init__() is an existing method in the class Person.

Question 14

Instantiation

Answer 14

The creation of objects from the class definition

Eg in Python

class Person: #set attributes
     def \_\_init\_\_ (self, age): #put the attributes you want to adjust here
         self.first_name = "John"
         self.last_name = "Smith"
         self.age = age

def main(): #to instantiate the object
     new_age = Person(25)  #need variable = class(value)
     print(new_age.age)

Question 15

Class Diagram

Answer 15

http://pythonschool.net/oop/creating-your-first-class/

First Picture

Question 16

Encapsulation

Answer 16

The process of combining data and functions into a single unit called class. The concept of encapsulation is to make data hiding possible.

Question 17

Inheritance

Answer 17

Inheritance provides a mechanism that allows us to build upon our existing work, for example, ensuring multiple people (from the example class) share similar characteristics and behaviours that they have in common. The relationship between classes benefitting from inheritance is similar to that of a parent and a child.

A child class inherits functionality from the parent class (including all attributes and methods the parent class has)

In addition, the child class can extend the functionality of the parent by adding attributed and methods unique to the child.

Question 18

Inheritance Diagram

Answer 18

http://pythonschool.net/oop/inheritance-and-polymorphism/

First Picture

Question 19

Polymorphism

Answer 19

In a child class, we can change how some methods work whilst keeping the same name. This is called polymorphism or overriding and is useful because we do not want to keep introducing new method names for functionality that is pretty similar in each class.

Question 20

Abstraction

Answer 20

Abstraction is a technique for hiding the complexity of computer systems. It works by establishing a level of simplicity on which a person interacts with the system, suppressing the more complex details below the current level.