Fundamentals of Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the respiratory tract?
A
- nasal cavity down to the alveoli
2
Q
What makes up the thorax?
A
- ribs cage - sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid process) - thorax cavity - mediastinum
3
Q
What are the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract?
A
1 - air distribution 2 - gas exchange
4
Q
Air distribution is one of the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract, what part of the lungs does it not distribute air to?
A
- below terminal bronchi - alveoli - this is where gas exchange takes place
5
Q
How does respiratory tract contribute to cleaning air that enter inside?
A
- air enters into nasal cavity - air hits turbinates and is pushed into walls - walls contain mucus layer that cleans air
6
Q
The paranasal cavities in the cranium contributes towards sound production, what are the paranasal cavities?
A
- air filled cavities that sound bounces off - creates an echo of the voice
7
Q
What is carbonic anhydrase?
A
- reversible enzyme - able to turn carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) into sodium bicarbonate (HCO3-) and H+
8
Q
How does carbonic anhydrase maintain blood pH in relation to the lungs?
A
- if acidosis body senses this - respiratory rate increases removing CO2 - more sodium bicarbonate remains in blood lowering the pH
9
Q
There are the 3 components outside of the thorax that make up the upper respiratory tract, what are they? (hint: NPL).
A
1 - nose including the nasal cavity 2 - pharynx 3 - larynx
10
Q
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
A
1 - nasopharynx 2 - oropharynx 3 - laryngopharynx
11
Q
The nasopharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?
A
- where the pharynx meets the back of the nose
12
Q
The oropharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?
A
- where the pharynx meets the back of the oral cavity
13
Q
What are the main components of the lower respiratory tract?
A
- everything within the thorax - trachea - lungs - bronchial tree - diaphragm
14
Q
Where are ala (meaning wings) located in the nose?
A
- ala = latin word for wings - located on both sides of the nose - they surround the nostrils
15
Q
What are ala of the nose made out of?
A
- hyaline cartilage
16
Q
What is the nasal septum?
A
- hyaline cartilage - separates left and right nostrils
17
Q
The laryngopharynx is one of the 3 parts of the pharynx, what is it?
A
- point where the larynx and pharynx meet
18
Q
What are turbinates?
A
- bony projections covered in mucus - found laterally in the nasal cavity
19
Q
How many pairs of turbinates are there in the nasal cavity?
A
- 3 - inferior, medial and superior
20
Q
What is the function of the turbinates in the nasal cavity?
A
- deflect air onto epithelial cells - warms and cleans the air
21
Q
Where are the anterior (frontal) nares of the nose located?
A
- externally on the nose - opening of the nose, nostrils
22
Q
Where are the posteior (back) nares of the nose located?
A
- opening between the nose and pharynx - allows air to flow from nasal cavity into pharynx
23
Q
Where are vestibules located in the nasal cavity?
A
- the most anterior part of the internal nasal cavity - first opening just inside the nose
24
Q
What type of cells line the vestibules in the nasal cavity and what is their function?
A
- continuation of skin squamous stratified epithelial cells - covered in vibrissae (hairs) to filter air
25
What is a mucosa?
- a single cell layered membrane on internal organs
26
What is the main cell type of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract?
- pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells
27
What are the 2 main functions of the mucosa in the upper respiratory tract?
- warm air - filter air using mucosa and cilia of mucosa
28
The nose has a rich supply of blood, what does this do to the air as it enters the nasal cavity?
- warms the air
29
There are the 4 different paranasal sinuses? (hint: FEMS)
1 - Frontal 2 - Ethmoid 3 - Maxillary 4 - Sphenoid
30
Where is the pair of frontal paranasal cavities found?
- start above the nose medially
- move outwards over the eyes
31
Where is the pair of maxillary paranasal cavities found?
- laterally on both side of the nose (both sides)
- inferior to the eyes
32
Where is the pair of ethmoid paranasal cavities found?
- inside the ethmoid bones
- superior to the maxillary sinus
33
Where is the pair of sphenoid paranasal cavities found?
- in the sphenoid bone
- located posterior to the ethmoid sinus
- back of the throat
34
If we have a cold or infection, and our paranasal cavities become inflamed and blocked with mucus, what does that do to out breathing and voice?
- changes tone of voice - ⬇️ airflow to lower respirator tract
35
What are the paranasal cavities lined with?
- pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells - mucous
36
When babies are born, in addition to weak neck muscles, why do babies struggle to lift their heads?
- the paranasal cavities are not hollow - cranium is therefore heavier
37
Where is the larynx located?
- inferior to the pharynx - superior to the trachea - C3-C6
38
Which vertebrae is the larynx normally located against?
- C3-C6
39
What is the larynx commonly referred to as?
- the voice box
40
What are the 2 main functions of the larynx?
- sound production - stop food entering lungs
41
What 2 pipes does the larynx split into?
1 - trachea 2 - oesophagus
42
What are the 3 main components of the larynx?
1 - smooth muscle 2 - hyaline cartilage 3 - ligaments
43
What are the vocal cords of the larynx?
- smooth muscle forming a triangle - open when breathing - closed when talking (no breathing when talking)
44
How does the larynx ensure food does not enter the lungs?
- swallowing action causes the larynx to elevate - elevation causes the epiglottis to fold over trachea
45
What is the main role of the extrinsic muscles in the larynx?
- change the shape of the larynx - important for eating
46
What is the main role of the intrinsic muscles in the larynx?
- change tension in the vocal cords - important for the voice
47
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
- trachea - bronchial tree - lungs - alveoli
48
What is the trachea made up of?
- around 15-20 C shaped rings
49
What are the C shaped rings of the trachea composed of?
- hyaline cartilage forming a C - attached by smooth muscle
50
How wide is the trachea, generally?
- 2.5cm in diameter
51
What is the posterior surface of the trachea called?
- smooth muscle called the trachealis
52
What is the cell type of the trachea?
- pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells
53
Where does the trachea end?
- at the carina
54
What is the carina?
- bottom of trachea - trachea bifurcates into left and right primary bronchii
55
Which part of the sternum does the carina align with?
- sternal angle/angle of louis
56
What is a tracheotomy?
- incision into anterior trachea to open airway - incision is made between cartilaginous rings
57
Where would the best place for a tracheotomy be?
- too high and could damage thyroid and/or vocal cords - 2 fingers above sternal/jugular notch
58
When children swallow foreign bodes, such as coins, why do they tend to collect in the right primary bronchii?
- the right primary bronchii is in alignment with trachea - left primary bronchii has an arch
59
In the respiratory tract, what are the components of the conducting zone?
- nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles - function is to move air into respiratory tract
60
In the respiratory tract, what is the main function of the respiratory zone?
- gaseous exchange
61
In the respiratory tract, what are the components of the respiratory zone?
- respiratory brochioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli
62
What is the flow of air through the conducting zone?
- nasal/oral cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary brochioles - secondary brochioles - tertiary brochioles - smaller brochioles - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
63
What is included as part of the thoracic wall and cavity?
- ribs (including all the joints at sternum and vertebrae) - sternum (including all the joints with ribs)
64
What are the 3 main functions of the thoracic wall and cavity?
1 - involved in phases of respiration 2 - increases thorax capacity 3 - movement of the ribs
65
What are the 2 phases of breathing?
1 - inspiration 2 - expiration
66
During inspiration what happens to the diaphragm?
- moves from curved to a flatter appearance - aim is to increase capacity in thoracic cavity
67
What is pump handle movement involved in respiration?
- movement predominantly affects the thoracic cavity at the front - movement resembles a handle being lifted up
68
What joints in the vertebrae are involved in the pump and bucket handle movement?
- costovertebral joints - costotransverse joints
69
What joints in the sternum are involved in the pump handle movement?
- sternal angle/angle of louis
- costrochondral joints
- ribs 2-7 attachments to sternum
70
What is the movement of the ribs from the vertebrae?
- abduction during inspiration - adduction during expiration
71
Does the pump handle movement increase thoracic capacity anterior, posterior or laterally?
- increased anterior and posterior diameter
72
What is bucket handle movement involved in respiration?
- movement predominantly affects the thoracic cavity laterally - movement resembles a bucket handle being lifted up and away
73
What plane of motion does the bucket handle movement increase thoracic capacity?
- increased transverse diameter
74
What happens to intrathoracic pressure when we inspire?
- it reduces allows air to move down gradient
- atmospheric = 760mmHg
- intrapulmonary = 759mmHg
- during expiration they swap over
75
What has to change shape in order for the vertical capacity of the thoracic cavity to increase?
- left and right domes of the diaphragm contract - diaphragm flattens increasing vertical capacity
76
What does elastic recoil mean?
- ability of lungs to return to their pre inhalation position - elastic fibres of lungs facilitates this
77
What does elasticity refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?
- the resistance to being stretched - important for exhalation
78
What does compliance refer to in relation to the respiratory tract?
- the ability of the lungs to expand - important for inhalation
79
How does the diaphragm contribute to passive expiration?
- the diaphragm relaxes, returning to its domed position - the domes compress the lungs forcing air out
80
What happens to the abdominal muscles during inspiration and expiration?
- inspiration = relax allowing diaphragm to move down - expiration = contract, pushing diaphgram back up
81
Which part of the nervous system controls lung capacity?
- autonomic - para and sympathetic
82
What are the 3 different types of intercostal muscles?
- internal = point IN towards heart
- external = point externally towards pockets
- innermost
83
When would the intercostal muscles be predominantly used in inspiration and expiration?
- required when breathing is heavy - disease and/or exercise
84
Which muscle is sufficient to maintain a resting respiratory rate?
- diaphragm
85
What is the central tendon in relation to the diaphragm?
- the main tendon of the diaphragm
86
What are the 3 main places the central tendon attaches to?
1 - lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
2 - xiphoid process
3 - costal cartilage of the ribs (ribs 6-12)
87
What does the central tendon fuse with in the mediastinum?
- inferior surface of the pericardium
88
What is the caval hiatus in the diaphragm?
- an opening in diaphragm
- caval = cava
- inferior vena cava and right phrenic nerve pass through
89
What is the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?
- opening in the diaphragm - oesophagus and vagus nerve pass through
90
What is the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?
- aorta passed through
91
What does phrenic relate to in the respiratory tract?
- relates to the diaphragm
92
What is the crura of the diaphragm?
- mean root in latin
- attachment site of central tendon to the vertebrae
93
Where do the internal thoracic arteries supply blood to?
- the internal thoracic cavity
- runs either side of the sternum
94
What is the musculophrenic artery?
- artery coming from the internal thoracic arteries
- provides blood to 7-9th ribs
95
What is the pericardioophrenic artery?
- artery coming from the internal thoracic arteries
- provide blood to pericardium and diaphragm
96
Where do the pair of superior phrenic arteries come from and supply blood to?
- originate at abdominal aorta after diaphragm
- supply blood to superior aspect of diaphragm
97
What are the pair of inferior phrenic arteries?
- come from the abdominal aorta below diaphragm - supply blood to inferior aspect of diaphragm
98
What are the 3 main cervical nerves that innervate the diaphragm, using the rhyme to help?
- C3, 4 and 5 keep you alive
99
In addition to innervating the diaphragm, what other part of the body do cervical C3 and 4 nerves innervate?
- shoulder
100
Why is it important to know that cervical nerves C3 and 4 innervate both the diaphragm and the shoulder?
- it can cause deferred pain - diaphragmatic pain can be felt at tip of the shoulder - supraclavicular and phrenic nerves
101
What is a hernia?
- abnormal exit of a tissue from an organ
102
What is a hiatus hernia?
- opening in the diaphragm are affected
- in ageing or disease the hiatus of the diaphragm do not work and tissue can protrude
103
What is anatomical and functional dead space?
- anatomical = no gaseous exchange takes place (conducting zone)
- functional = part of respiratory zone is damaged and no longer perfuses air
