Fundoscopy and Otoscopy Signs

Question 1

What is the first aspect of fundoscopy?

Answer 1

Red reflex

Question 2

What is shown here?

Answer 2

Normal red reflexes

Question 3

What is shown here?

Answer 3

Cortical cataract

Question 4

After assessing red reflex what should be done next?

Answer 4

• Ask patient to look into the distance
• Move towards patient’s eye to assess retina
• Approach from temporal angle
• Adjust focus as necessary to find a vessel
• Follow the vessel to the optic disc

Question 5

What should the optic disc be assessed for?

Answer 5

• Colour
• Margin
• Cupping

Question 6

How is the optic disc assessed?

Answer 6

Look at the ‘cup-to-disc’ ratio

Question 7

How is the cup to disc ratio assessed?

Answer 7

The whiter bit at the centre of the optic disc vs the whole optic disc

(badly worded but you’ll get it when you see it)

Question 8

What is a normal cup-to-disc ratio?

Answer 8

0.3-0.4

Question 9

What is it called when the cup-to-disc ratio is >0.4?

Answer 9

Cupping

Question 10

What should be assessed after the optic disc?

Answer 10

Retinal vessels

Question 11

What should the retinal vessels and retina be assessed for?

Answer 11

• Neovascularisation
• Haemorrhages
• Cotton wool spots
• Drusen
• Hard exudates

Question 12

After assessing the rest of th retina what should you do?

Answer 12

Find the optic disc and ask the patient to look directly at the light to inspect the macula

Question 13

What is shown here?

Answer 13

Normal macula