FUNGI

Question 1

______ are in the Fungi kingdom.

Answer 1

fungi

Question 2

They are ___________ and acquire food by _______.

Answer 2

Chemoheterotrophs
Absorption

Question 3

With the
_______ of yeasts, fungi are ________. Most reproduce with ______ and _______ spores.

Answer 3

exception
multicellular
sexual
asexual

Question 4

_______ colonies are described as __________structures because they’re composed of the cells involved in
_________ and _________.

Answer 4

Fungal
Vegetative
catabolism
growth

Question 5

Characteristics of fungi

Answer 5

molds and fleshy fungi
yeast

Question 6

the body of a mold or fleshy fungus and it can grow to immense proportions.

Answer 6

thallus

Question 7

long filaments of cells joined together

Answer 7

hyphae (hypha)

Question 8

Under thallus:
Hyphae, in most molds, containing cross-walls called septa (sing. septum), which divide them into distinct, uninucleate (one-nucleus) cell-like units.

Answer 8

Septate hyphae

Question 9

hyphae, in most molds, containing ________ called ______ (sing. septum), which divide them into distinct, _________ (one-nucleus) cell-like units

Answer 9

cross-walls
septa
uninucleate

Question 10

Hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with
many nuclei.

Answer 10

Coenocytic (or nonseptate) hyphae

Question 11

hyphae, in a few classes of fungi, containing __ ______and appear as long, ________cells with many nuclei

Answer 11

no septa
continuous

Question 12

_______ grow by elongating at the _____.

Answer 12

Hyphae
tips

Question 13

Each part of a hypha is capable of _______, and when a _______ breaks off, it can elongate to form a _____ hypha.

Answer 13

growth
fragments
new

Question 14

In the laboratory, fungi are usually grown from fragments
_______ from a fungal ______.

Answer 14

obtained
thallus

Question 15

(a) Septate hyphae have cross-walls, or septa, dividing the hyphae into cell-like units.
(b) Coenocytic hyphae lack septa.
(c) Hyphae grow by elongating at the tips.

Answer 15

Characteristics of fungal hyphae

Question 16

portion of a hypha that obtains nutrients

Answer 16

Vegetative hypha

Question 17

portion concerned with reproduction, so named because it projects above the surface of the
medium on which the fungus is growing

Answer 17

Reproductive (or aerial) hypha

Question 18

the hyphae grow to form this filamentous mass when environmental conditions are suitable,
which is visible to the unaided eye

Answer 18

mycelium

Question 19

example of Aerial hyphae

Answer 19

Aspergillus niger

Question 20

• non-filamentous, unicellular; spherical or oval
• widely distributed; frequently white powdery coating on fruits and leaves

Answer 20

yeast

Question 21

• capable of facultative anaerobic growth; ferment carbohydrates and produce ethanol (brewed
  beverages) and CO2 (leavening bread dough)

Answer 21

yeasts

Question 22

• can perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water

Answer 22

yeasts

Question 23

_______ yeasts (such as _________)

Answer 23

Budding
Saccharomyces

Question 24

In ______, the parent cell forms a ________ (bud) on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell’s nucleus _____, and one nucleus _______ into the bud. Cell wall material is then laid down between the bud and parent cell, and the bud eventually breaks away

Answer 24

budding
protuberance
divides
migrates

Question 25

Some yeasts produce buds that fail to ______ themselves; these buds form a _______ chain of cells called a __________.

Answer 25

detach short pseudohypha

Question 26

_______ ________attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues.

Answer 26

Candida albicans

Question 27

______ yeasts (such as _______________-)

Answer 27

Fission Schizosaccharomyces

Question 28

During ______, the parent cell ________, its nucleus divides, and____offspring cells evenly divided are produced.

Answer 28

fission elongates two

Question 29

____ dimorphism. Dimorphism in the fungus Mucor indicus depends on ___ concentration. On the agar surface, Mucor exhibits yeastlike growth, but in the agar where CO2 from metabolism has accumulated, it is moldlike

Answer 29

fungal CO2

Question 30

Dimorphic Fungi

Answer 30

Pathogenic species, exhibit dimorphism – two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent, either as a mold (37°C; produce vegetative and aerial hyphae) or as a yeast (25°C; reproduce by budding).

Question 31

Dimorphism

Answer 31

two forms of growth, that is temperature-dependent, either as a mold (37°C; produce vegetative and aerial hyphae) or as a yeast (25°C; reproduce by budding)

Question 32

Filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae. Sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by the formation of spores. Spores are formed from aerial hyphae in a number of different ways, depending on the species. Fungal spores can be either asexual or sexual. Fungi are usually identified by spore type.

Answer 32

LIFE CYCLE

Question 33

_____ _____ formed by the hyphae of one organism. Such spores are produced through mitosis and subsequent cell division; there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells. When these spores germinate, they become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent.

Answer 33

Asexual spores

Question 34

2 types of asexual pores

Answer 34

1. Conidiospore, or conidium 2. sporangiospores

Question 35

-Conidia formed by the fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells ▪ e.g.: Coccidioides immitis

Answer 35

Anthroconidia

Question 36

▪ a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac ▪ produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore ▪ e.g.: Penicillium, Aspergillus

Answer 36

Conidiospore, or conidium

Question 37

▪ conidia formed from the buds of its parent cell ▪ found in some yeasts, such as C. albicans and Cryptococcus

Answer 37

Blastoconidia

Question 38

▪ a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment ▪ e.g.: C. albicans

Answer 38

Chlamydoconidia

Question 39

▪ formed within a sporangium, or sac, at the end of an aerial hypha called a sporangiophore ▪ e.g.: Rhizopus

Answer 39

Sporangiospores

Question 40

_______ ______ result from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus and so are made less frequently than asexual spores. Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains.

Answer 40

sexual spores

Question 41

1. Plasmogamy. A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-). 2. Karyogamy. The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus. 3. Meiosis. The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants

Answer 41

Three phases

Question 42

A haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-).

Answer 42

Plasmogamy

Question 43

The (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus.

Answer 43

Karyogamy

Question 44

The diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which may be genetic recombinants.

Answer 44

Meiosis

Question 45

The life cycle of _______, a zygomycete.

Answer 45

Rhizopus

Question 46

* usu. grow better in an environment with a pH of about 5 * almost all molds are aerobic; most yeasts are facultative anaerobes * resistant to osmotic pressure; most can grow in relatively high sugar or salt concentrations * grow on substances with a very low moisture content * require somewhat less nitrogen * metabolizes complex carbohydrates, such as lignin

Answer 46

Environmental requirements and nutritional characteristics:

Question 47

Medically important fungi

Answer 47

Teleomorphs and Anamorphs

Question 48

fungi that can produce both sexual and asexual spores.

Answer 48

Teleomorphs

Question 49

▪ or conjugation fungi, are saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae ▪ asexual spores – conidia, chlamydoconidia, sporangiospores

Answer 49

1. Zygomycota/Zygomycetes

Question 50

▪ large sexual spores enclosed in a thick wall called a zygosporangia ▪ this forms when the nuclei of two cells that are morphologically similar to each other fuse

Answer 50

Zygospores

Question 51

▪ lack mitochondria; don’t have microtubules ▪ obligate intracellular parasites ▪ sexual reproduction has not been observed but probably occurs within the host ▪ chronic diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis, most notably in AIDS patient

Answer 51

2. Microsporidia

Question 52

The life cycle of ___________, a microsporidian

Answer 52

Encephalitozoon

Question 53

an emerging opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients and the elderly. E. intestinalis causes diarrhea.

Answer 53

Microsporidiosis

Question 54

▪ or sac fungi, include molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts ▪ asexual spores – conidia

Answer 54

3. Ascomycota/Ascomycetes

Question 55

▪ sexual spores are produced in a saclike structure called an ascus (pl. asci) ▪ this forms when the nuclei of two cells that can be either morphologically similar or dissimilar fuse

Answer 55

Ascospores

Question 56

The life cycle of ________, an ascomycete.

Answer 56

Talaromyces

Question 57

▪ or club fungi, possess septate hyphae ▪ this phylum includes fungi that produce mushrooms ▪ asexual spores – conidia

Answer 57

4. Basidiomycota/Basidiomycetes

Question 58

▪ formed externally on a base pedestal and is club-shaped called a basidium (pl. basidia)

Answer 58

Basidiospores

Question 59

▪ some ascomycetes (and a few are basidiomycetes) have lost the ability to reproduce sexually

Answer 59

Anamorphs

Question 60

▪ any fungal infection ▪ generally chronic (long-lasting) infections because fungi grow slowly

Answer 60

Mycosis

Question 61

1. Systemic Mycoses 2. Subcutaneous mycoses 3. Cutaneous mycoses (dermatomycoses) 4. Superficial mycoses 5. opportunistic mycoses

Answer 61

Classification according to the degree of tissue involvement and mode of entry into the host:

Question 62

▪ deep within the body; not restricted to any particular region of the body but can affect a number of tissues and organs ▪ usu. caused by fungi that live in the soil ▪ spores are transmitted by inhalation; these infections typically begin in the lungs and then spread to other body tissues ▪ not contagious from animal to human or from human to human ▪ histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis

Answer 62

systemic mycoses

Question 63

▪ beneath the skin caused by saprophytic fungi that live in soil and on vegetation ▪ infection occurs by direct implantation of spores or mycelial fragments into a puncture wound in the skin. ▪ sporotrichosis

Answer 63

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 64

▪ fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails ▪ secrete keratinase, an enzyme that degrades keratin, a protein found in hair, skin, and nails

Answer 64

Cutaneous mycoses or dermatomycoses

Question 65

▪ fungal infection localized in surface epidermal cells and along hair shafts

Answer 65

superficial mycoses

Question 66

▪ generally harmless in its normal habitat but can become pathogenic in a host who is seriously debilitated or traumatized, who is under treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, whose immune system is suppressed by drugs or by an immune disorder, or who has a lung disease ▪ Pneumocystis (pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP), Stachybotrys, Rhizopus and Mucor (mucormycosis), Aspergillus (aspergillosis), Cryptococcus, Penicillium, C. albicans (yeast infection, or candidiasis)

Answer 66

opportunistic mycoses

Question 67

Fungi are beneficial.

Answer 67

-food chain -symbiosis -fungi-farming ants -human use fungi for food and produce foods and drugs -used in biotechnology -used as biological control of pests

Question 68

________ decompose the hard parts of plants which animals can’t digest.

Answer 68

Cellulases

Question 69

________, the symbiotic fungi, help plant roots absorb minerals and water from soil.

Answer 69

Myccorhizae

Question 70

Fungi-farming ants ______ fungi that break down cellulose and lignin from plants, providing _______ that the ants can then digest.

Answer 70

cultivate glucose

Question 71

Humans use fungi for food (______) and to produce foods (bread; ______ _______ – citric acid) and drugs (alcohol and _______; _______ – anticancer drug taxol).

Answer 71

mushrooms Aspergillus niger Alcohol Taxomyces

Question 72

___________ cerevisiae is used to make bread and wine; genetically modified to produce a variety of proteins, including ________ vaccine

Answer 72

Sacchromyces hepatitis B

Question 73

__________ is used produce the enzyme cellulase, which is used to _______ plant cell walls to produce a clear______juice.

Answer 73

Trichoderma remove fruit

Question 74

___________ minitans feeds on fungi that destroy soybeans and other bean crops.

Answer 74

Coniothyrium

Question 75

A foam filled with _______ fumosoroseus kill termites hiding inside tree trunks and other hard-to-reach places

Answer 75

Paecilomyces

Question 76

fungi can have undesirable effects.

Answer 76

* Mold spoilage of fruits, grains, and vegetables is more common than bacterial spoilage of these products. * Many fungi cause diseases plants. * Of the more than 100,000 species of fungi, only about 200 are pathogenic to humans and animals. However, over the last 10 years, the incidence of serious fungal infections has been increasing occurring in health care settings and in people with compromised immune systems.