Fungi

Question 1

Ascomycota common name & why are they called this

Answer 1

sac fungi ; called this bc during sexual reproduction their hyphae tips form small sac-like structure that contain the sexual spores

Question 2

example of an Ascomycota that changed the world drastically

Answer 2

penicillium

Question 3

Alexander Flemming

Answer 3

plated bacteria and didn’t grow around this fungi spot
- very important that he saved that specific mold

Question 4

Howard Florey

Answer 4

works on zone of inhibition, worked through WW2, while working on this dug bomb holes; if Russia attached was going to rub this fungus inside their coats and head to America and start growing spores again

Question 5

why is penicillium said to change the world drastically and why type of fungi is it

Answer 5

ascomycota - said to solve/affect the war since our men were able to use it to heal and then go back in and fight

Question 6

Aspergillus

Answer 6

an ascomycota; food mold; produce aflatoxins

Question 7

aflatoxins

Answer 7

produced by aspergillus; most carcinogenic form in humans and animals

Question 8

where are aflotoxins found

Answer 8

in corn, peanuts, tree nuts

Question 9

how do aspergillus reproduce

Answer 9

by asexual spores - conidia

Question 10

what are yeasts a part of and examples

Answer 10

Ascomycota; yeast infection, baking, fermentation

Question 11

sporangi

Answer 11

general term; anything that has spores

Question 12

conidia

Answer 12

asexual spores

Question 13

ascospores

Answer 13

sexual spores; produced with in sac-like structure called asci

Question 14

Basidiomycota common name

Answer 14

club fungi ; shelf fungi, mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, racket fungi, earth star

Question 15

how do Basidiomycota reproduce

Answer 15

reproduce asexually through fragmentation; DO NOT have conidia

Question 16

why are toadstools and mushroom not the same

Answer 16

toadstools = poison
mushroom = edible basidials

Question 17

3 types of fruiting bodies in Ascomycota and basidiomycota

Answer 17

1. open BLANKcarp
2. closed BLANKcarp
3. no BLANKcarp

Question 18

closed fruiting body

Answer 18

bird nest fungi, puffballs - edible in an immature state, designed to be popped to distribute spores

Question 19

no fruiting body

Answer 19

typically parasitic; rusts and smut; don’t have carp so invade structure of plant to release spores
ex: ear of corn

Question 20

Claviceps

Answer 20

(part of asco)
a fungus that invades grains; mostly RYE

Question 21

what can Claviceps cause

Answer 21

ergot disease which could lead to gangrenes

Question 22

what is gangrenes

Answer 22

rotting of limbs, vasoconstriction - reduced blood flow

Question 23

why is Claviceps so bad

Answer 23

harmful to 10-1000s of people; lead to disease; poor people

Question 24

even though Claviceps is usually bad, why is it also good

Answer 24

used in headache medicine

Question 25

what are saprophobes

Answer 25

fungi like ringworm, toe fungus, athletes foot; can eat living/nonliving

Question 26

what kind of digestion does fungus have

Answer 26

external digestion (exoenzyme) - enzymes that are oozed out the threads

Question 27

what is fungus cell wall made out of

Answer 27

chitin; highly indigestible - need chitinase enzyme - tougher than plant cw (cellulose)

Question 28

haploid vs diploid fungus body

Answer 28

all bodies are haploid (1 set of chromes), become diploid ONLY when having sex (not all do this)

Question 29

mass of hyphae

Answer 29

mycelium

Question 30

hyphae

Answer 30

each branching filament that makes up the fungus mycelium

Question 31

are fungus sexual or asexual

Answer 31

ALL are asexual SOME are sexual

Question 32

gametangia

Answer 32

reproductive organ; separate from hyphae by a septum (cross wall)

Question 33

3 ways to make gametes

Answer 33

1. animals are oogamous - non motile egg & motile sperm 2. isogamous - gametes are identical (can't tell if male or female) 3. no sperm, no egg, just nuclei - +/- + = no sex - = sex

Question 34

Albert Hoffman

Answer 34

invented LSD, LSD is made from a substance found in ergot (Claviceps fungi caused)

Question 35

racket fungi

Answer 35

reproductive structure on outside of tree - actual fungus inside tree

Question 36

Deuteromycetes common name & why are they called this

Answer 36

imperfect fungi, called this because no one has seen them having sex; so classified by looks

Question 37

Deuteromycetes sexual or asexual?

Answer 37

strictly asexual by conidiaspores, moved by fragmentation

Question 38

what does the fungi deuteromycetes cause

Answer 38

dermatophytoses - infection of skin & nails - ringworm, jock itch, athletes foot, toenail fungus

Question 39

mycophcophyta & why are they called this

Answer 39

lichens myco= fungus phyco = algae

Question 40

lichens

Answer 40

relationship between a fungus and an algae = symbiotic relationship

Question 41

2 parts of lichens

Answer 41

ascome: a fruiting body that bears asci apothecia: the most common sexual reproduction structure of the lichen fungal partner, shaped like a disc some have 3rd partner: basidial yeasts

Question 42

3 main forms of lichens

Answer 42

1. crustose 2. foliose 3. fructiose

Question 43

where do lichens grow

Answer 43

grow on any solid/stable surface (rocks)

Question 44

lichens reproduction

Answer 44

cant have sex, have accident where algal part falls into fungal body OR asexual fragmentation - soredia

Question 45

why are lichens SO important

Answer 45

they are soil makers, beginning of forests, grow where nothing else does

Question 46

mycorhizae

Answer 46

fungi that grow in association with plant roots; form network of filaments that associate with plant roots; forests = massively connected

Question 47

2 types of mycorhizae

Answer 47

1. ectomycorrhizae 2. endomycorrhizae

Question 48

ECTOmycorrhizae

Answer 48

10% plant family, temperate, woody, cold, surround cells of root, DO NOT invade them, few ascos

Question 49

ENDOmycorrhizae

Answer 49

go into the root, produce hyphae inside tropical (80% plants there) used for agriculture (buy bags of these) - help jumpstart plants - without these we wouldn't have plant invasion of land

Question 50

heterocariosus

Answer 50

different nuclei in same cytoplasm aka +/-'s

Question 51

parasexuality

Answer 51

1/1000 infuse of nuclei produces diploid cell

Question 52

Chytrids

Answer 52

fungi, water chytrids decrease frog populations, ability to degrade

Question 53

what disease does chytrid fungus cause

Answer 53

Chytridial Mycosis

Question 54

what is Chytridial Mycosis

Answer 54

caused by chytrid fungus; disease in amphibians; disrupts normal function of their skin