Fungi

Question 1

Fungi cell walls contain these 2 things

Answer 1

Beta glucans (long polymer of D-glucose) and chitin (polysaccharide chain of N-acetylglucosamine)

Question 2

Long polymer of D-glucose present in fungal cell walls

Answer 2

Beta glucans

Question 3

Polysaccharide chain of N-acetylglucosamine that is present in fungal cell walls

Answer 3

Chitin

Question 4

Fungal cell membranes contain this

Answer 4

Ergosterol
(contrast to animal cells that contain cholesterol)

Question 5

Single-celled fungi

Answer 5

Yeast

Question 6

Mutlicellular fungi

Answer 6

Molds

Question 7

Dimorphic fungi exist as yeast at this temperature

Answer 7

Physiologic temperature
(in tissue and when nutrients are abundant)

Question 8

Dimorphic fungi exist as mold at this temperature

Answer 8

Ambient temperatures
(when conditions are less than optimal)

Question 9

Fungi produce spores for airborne dissemination when they are in this form

Answer 9

Mold-like at ambient temperatures or when conditions are less than optimal

Question 10

Do fungi carry out sexual or asexual reproduction?

Answer 10

Both

Question 11

This is the basis for traditional fungal classification

Answer 11

Sexual reproduction

Question 12

3 main classes of fungi that reproduce sexually

Answer 12

Murcormycetes/Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

Question 13

Sexual spores of mucormycetes aka zygomycetes

Answer 13

Zygospores

Question 14

Asexual spores of mucormycetes aka zygomycetes

Answer 14

Sporangiospores

Question 15

Type of hyphae of mucormycetes aka zygomycetes

Answer 15

Continuous

Question 16

Sexual spores of ascomycetes

Answer 16

Ascospores

Question 17

Asexual spores of ascomycetes

Answer 17

Conidiospores

Question 18

Largest group of sexually reproducing fungi

Answer 18

Ascomycetes

Question 19

Hyphae of ascomycetes

Answer 19

Septate hyphae

Question 20

Sexual spores of basidiomycetes

Answer 20

Basidiospores

Question 21

Asexual spores of basidiomycetes

Answer 21

Conidiospores

Question 22

Hyphae of basidiomycetes

Answer 22

Septate

Question 23

Asexual spores that are contained in a structure

Answer 23

Sporangiospores (e.g. Mucormycetes)

Question 24

Asexual spores that are “born naked” on specialized structures

Answer 24

Conidiospores (e.g. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes)

Question 25

2 Asexual spores that form by fragmentation of hyphae

Answer 25

Arthrospores and chlamydospores

Question 26

Asexual spores that are rounded, thick-walled, resistant to heat and drying, and form by fragmentation of hyphae

Answer 26

Chlamydospores

Question 27

Asexual spores that are rectangular and form by fragmentation of hyphae

Answer 27

Arthrospores

Question 28

Asexual spores that form by budding / asymmetrical division

Answer 28

Blastospores (yeasts)

Question 29

5 groupings of pathogenic fungi

Answer 29

Superficial Cutaneous Subcutaneous Systemic Opportunistic

Question 30

Pathogenic fungi are groups according to this

Answer 30

Tissues they infect

Question 31

Most fungal infections are:

Answer 31

Mild and self-limiting

Question 32

Superficial mycoses infect this type of tissue

Answer 32

Nonliving tissue No cellular reactions

Question 33

Type of pathogenic fungi that affect most superficial surfaces of the skin and hair; usually cosmetic only, no physical discomfort, easily treated Colonize only nonliving tissue, no cellular reactions

Answer 33

Superficial mycoses

Question 34

Type of pathogenic fungi that are restricted to keratinized tissues such as nails, hair, and stratum corneum Most are probably obligate human parasites; few are found in soil Can be transmitted person-to-person

Answer 34

Cutaneous mycoses

Question 35

How are cutaneous mycoses transmitted?

Answer 35

Person to person

Question 36

Cutaneous mycoses affect this type of tissue

Answer 36

Keratinized tissues such as nails, hair, and stratum corneum

Question 37

Type of pathogenic fungi that are often called ringworm or tineas

Answer 37

Cutaneous mycoses

Question 38

In all cases of cutaneous mycoses, infection begins in this

Answer 38

Cornified (horny) layer of skin

Question 39

Cutaneous mycoses are often called this

Answer 39

Ringworm or tineas Because infection begins in cornified (horny) layer of skin and spreads outward

Question 40

Type of pathogenic fungi that involve deeper layers of the skin, muscle, and connective tissue Live in soil or on decaying vegetation Gain access via trauma and spread along the lymphatics In general the lesions become granulomatous and expand slowly with insidious onset and characterized by abscess formation May be extremely disfiguring and fatal. Those working outdoors are the most susceptible.

Answer 40

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 41

Subcutaneous mycoses involve this type of tissue

Answer 41

Deeper layers of the skin, muscle, and connective tissue

Question 42

Subcutaneous mycoses live here

Answer 42

In soil or on decaying vegetation

Question 43

Subcutaneous mycoses gain access via this

Answer 43

Trauma

Question 44

Type of pathogenic fungi that become granulomatous and expand slowly with insidious onset and characterized by abscess formation

Answer 44

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 45

Subcutaneous mycoses lesions generally become these

Answer 45

Granulomatous Expand slowly with insidious onset and characterized by abscess formation

Question 46

Subcutaneous mycoses lesions become granulomatous and expand slowly with insidious onset, and characterized by formation of this

Answer 46

Abscess

Question 47

Type of pathogenic fungi characterized by abscess formation

Answer 47

Subcutaneous mycoses

Question 48

Type of pathogenic fungi whose yeast phases have characteristic morphology that is useful for diagnosis by examination of tissue sample

Answer 48

Systemic (endemic) mycoses

Question 49

Systemic mycoses live in these environments

Answer 49

Alkaline environments (do not infect birds or bats but live in their feces)

Question 50

Systemic mycoses are acquired by this

Answer 50

Inhalation Primary site of infection being the lungs, but may spread to skin and other organs

Question 51

Subcutaneous mycoses have a tendency to cause formation of this

Answer 51

Granuloma

Question 52

Type of pathogenic fungi where primary pulmonary infection is often overlooked and infection is diagnosed during chronic phase, almost uniformly fatal without treatment

Answer 52

Systemic mycoses

Question 53

Systemic mycoses is diagnosed during this phase

Answer 53

Chronic phase Primary pulmonary infection is often overlooked and systemic infection is diagnosed during chronic phase, almost uniformly fatal without treatment

Question 54

Type of pathogenic fungi that are geographically restricted

Answer 54

Systemic mycoses

Question 55

Primary site of infection of systemic mycoses

Answer 55

Lungs

Question 56

Systemic mycoses is mainly caused by this type of fungi

Answer 56

Dimorphic fungi

Question 57

This phase has characteristic morphology useful for diagnosis by examination of tissue sample in systemic mycoses

Answer 57

Yeast phase

Question 58

Type of pathogenic fungi that are common environmental saprophytes or normal body flora

Answer 58

Opportunistic mycoses

Question 59

Type of pathogenic fungi that requires predisposing factors which weaken the immune system

Answer 59

Opportunistic mycoses

Question 60

Opportunistic mycoses require this

Answer 60

Predisposing factors that weaken the immune system (such as Debilitation, endocrine disorders (e.g. diabetes), leukemia, lymphoma, immunosuppression (induced, natural, or acquired), broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, X-irradiation, and therapeutic cytotoxins)

Question 61

2 types of fungi that produce mycotoxins

Answer 61

Amanita mushrooms and Aspergillus

Question 62

2 important hepatotoxins made by Amanita mushrooms

Answer 62

Amanitin and Phalloidin

Question 63

What are amanitin and phalloidin?

Answer 63

Important hepatotoxins made by Amanita mushrooms

Question 64

Amanitin and Phalloidin are important hepatotoxins made by this

Answer 64

Amanita mushroom

Question 65

Aspergillus produces this

Answer 65

Aflatoxins

Question 66

Aflatoxins are produced by this

Answer 66

Aspergillus

Question 67

Common medium used to culture fungi

Answer 67

Sabouraud's agar

Question 68

Sabouraud's agar is a common media in culturing this

Answer 68

Fungi

Question 69

Microscopic examination of fungal isolates looks at these 2 things

Answer 69

Size and shape of conidia Presence of septate or nonseptate (continuous) hyphae